Izinkathi Zamaplanethi Esimisweni Selanga
Izinkathi ziyizinguquko ezimweni zezulu ezenzeka njalo ngonyaka. EMhlabeni, sinezinkathi ezine—intwasahlobo, ihlobo, ikwindla, kanye nobusika—ezithonywa kakhulu ukuthambekela kwe-axis yokujikeleza koMhlaba maqondana nendiza yomjikelezo wawo ozungeze iLanga. Kodwa kuthiwani ngamanye amaplanethi ohlelweni lwelanga? Ingabe nawo abhekana nezinkathi? Impendulo ithi: yebo, amaplanethi amaningi abhekana "nezinkathi," kodwa isimo sawo, ubude bawo, kanye nobunzima bawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, kuye ngokuthambekela kwe-axis (ukungaguquki), ukuma kwe-orbit (ukukhanya), ibanga ukusuka eLangeni, ukwakheka komkhathi, kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza kanye nokuguquka.
Yini Enquma Izinkathi Zonyaka?
Kunezimbangela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokushintshashintsha kwezinkathi emhlabeni:
1. Ukungacaci kwe-axis yokujikeleza: Uma i-axis yeplanethi ithambeke kakhulu, umehluko omkhulu ekhoneni lokukhanya kwelanga kuyo yonke i-hemisphere ngesikhathi sokuzungeza kwayo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyimbangela eyinhloko yezinkathi zonyaka, njengasemhlabeni.
2. Ukungajwayelekile kwe-orbital: Uma umjikelezo weplanethi u-elliptical kakhulu, ibanga lawo ukusuka eLangeni lishintsha kakhulu unyaka wonke. Lolu shintsho lwebanga luthinta inani lamandla elanga atholakalayo, ngaleyo ndlela lukhulisa noma lubuse imiphumela yezinkathi zonyaka—ikakhulukazi uma ukuthambekela kwe-axial kuncane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhathi udlala indima ebalulekile: amaplanethi anezimo ezijiyile “angalungisa” umehluko wokushisa, kuyilapho amaplanethi angenazo izimo ezijiyile noma anezimo ezijiyile ezothola umehluko wokushisa obukhali phakathi kwemini nobusuku kanye naphakathi kwezinkathi zonyaka.
I-Mercury: Cishe Ayinazo Izikhathi Zonyaka, Kodwa Izinga Lokushisa Eliphakeme Kakhulu
I-Mercury inokuthambekela okuncane kakhulu kwe-axial, ngakho-ke empeleni ayinazo izinkathi njengoba siziqonda eMhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, i-Mercury inomjikelezo ojikelezayo ofana ne-elliptical futhi iseduze kakhulu neLanga. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla emisebe yelanga ayahlukahluka kakhulu kulo lonke umjikelezo wayo.
Kodwa-ke, okugqama kakhulu ku-Mercury umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku ngenxa yokuntuleka kwayo ngokuphelele komkhathi. Izinsuku zingashisa kakhulu, kanti ubusuku bungabanda kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, "izinkathi" ku-Mercury aziphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu sonyaka, kodwa kunalokho ziphathelene nokwehluka kwamandla elanga kanye nokungafani okukhulu phakathi kwemini nobusuku.
I-Venus: Izinkathi Zonyaka Ezingabonakali Kancane
I-Venus inokuthambekela okuncane kwe-axial, ngakho-ke izinkathi zonyaka ngenxa yokungacaci zincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Venus imbozwe umoya ojiyile kakhulu ocebile nge-carbon dioxide enamafu e-sulfuric acid. Lo moya ojiyile kakhulu udala umphumela omkhulu wokushisa futhi usabalalisa ukushisa kahle, ugcine izinga lokushisa lobuso be-Venus lifana kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi nendawo.
Ngenxa yalokho, iVenus ayibonisi nhlobo ukuguquguquka okubonakalayo kwezinkathi zonyaka. Uma kwenzeka izinguquko zezinkathi zonyaka, imiphumela yazo incane kakhulu kuneyaseMhlabeni futhi imbozwe yizimo zomkhathi ezizinzile nezishisayo kakhulu.
Umhlaba: Isibonelo Sezinkathi “Zakudala”
I-axis yomhlaba ithambekele cishe kuma-degrees angu-23,5. Lokhu kuthambekela kubangela ukuthi izingxenye ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu zithole ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile ngokushintshana unyaka wonke. Lapho ingxenye esenyakatho yezwe ithambekele ngaseLangeni, ihlangabezana nehlobo, kuyilapho ingxenye eseningizimu yezwe ihlangabezana nobusika, kanye nobusika.
Izinkathi zonyaka zomhlaba nazo zithonywa ulwandle, imisinga yolwandle, imimoya yomhlaba wonke, kanye nokwehluka kwendawo njengokuphakama kanye nokusondela kolwandle. Ngenxa yobuningi bamanzi nomoya, uMhlaba unesimiso sezulu esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke izinkathi azibandakanyi nje kuphela izinguquko ekushiseni kodwa futhi namaphethini emvula, iziphepho, kanye nokuguquguquka kwemvelo.
I-Mars: Izinkathi Zonyaka Ezifana Nomhlaba, Kodwa Zinde Futhi Zinothuli Kakhulu
I-Mars iyathakazelisa ngoba ukuthambekela kwayo kwe-axial kufana nokoMhlaba (cishe ama-degrees angu-25), ngakho-ke ihlangabezana nezinkathi "ezijwayelekile": ubusika nehlobo kuyo yonke i-hemisphere. Kodwa-ke, unyaka we-Mars ubude cishe kabili kunowoMhlaba, ngakho-ke nezinkathi ze-Mars nazo zinde.
Umjikelezo weMars ugobile kakhulu kunowoMhlaba, ngakho ibanga lawo ukusuka eLangeni liyahlukahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi izinkathi kwenye ingxenye yomhlaba zibe zimbi kakhulu kunakwenye. IMars yaziwa futhi ngeziphepho zayo zothuli ezivame kakhulu, ezingasitha iplanethi amasonto amaningi, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zamandla elanga aphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi umoya waseMars mncane, ukuguquguquka kwamazinga okushisa kwansuku zonke nakho kukhulu kakhulu.
I-Jupiter: Izinkathi Ezincane, Amandla Amakhulu Omoya
I-Jupiter inokuthambekela okuncane kwe-axial (cishe ama-degrees ama-3), ngakho-ke ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi ngokusekelwe emisebeni yelanga kuncane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-Jupiter inomkhathi omkhulu oneziphepho ezinamandla, okuhlanganisa ne-Great Red Spot.
Ngenxa yokuthi iJupiter ikude neLanga, ithola amandla amancane, futhi izinguquko zesizini azibonakali kakhulu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, iningi lesimo sezulu seJupiter livela ekushiseni kwangaphakathi kweplanethi kanye nesakhiwo somkhathi, kunokuba kube yizinkathi njengaseMhlabeni.
I-Saturn: Izinkathi Zikhona Futhi Ziyabonakala, Zithonywa Yizindandatho
I-Saturn inokuthambekela kwe-axial okungama-degrees angu-26-27, cishe okufanayo ne-Mars, futhi inkulu ngokwanele ukukhiqiza izinkathi zonyaka. Njengoba i-Saturn ithatha cishe iminyaka engu-29,5 yoMhlaba ukuzungeza iLanga, isizini ngayinye ihlala iminyaka engaphezudlwana kwengu-7 yoMhlaba.
Izindandatho zeSaturn nazo zithinta ukukhanya: ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, zingabonakalisa ukukhanya noma zenze izithunzi emkhathini nasezindaweni zezinyanga zayo. Nakuba iSaturn iyisiqhwaga segesi esingenawo umphezulu oqinile, izinguquko zesizini ekukhanyeni zingabonakala emaphethini amafu kanye nezinguquko ekushiseni komkhathi ongaphezulu.
I-Uranus: Isizini Eyingozi Kakhulu Njengoba “Iqhubeka”
I-Uranus iyiqhawe lokuthambekela okukhulu kwe-axial: cishe ama-degree angu-98. Kalula nje, i-Uranus ibonakala "ilele" ngohlangothi lwayo njengoba ijikeleza. Lokhu kuphumela ezinkathini ezingavamile kakhulu. Engxenyeni yomjikelezo wayo, i-pole eyodwa ye-Uranus ingahlala ibheke eLangeni, kanti enye i-pole isebumnyameni obude.
Njengoba isikhathi sokuzungeza umhlaba siyiminyaka engaba ngu-84 yoMhlaba, isizini e-Uranus ingahlala iminyaka engaba ngu-21 yoMhlaba. Isimo sezulu esibandayo sase-Uranus kanye nemimoya kubonisa izinguquko zesizini, yize impendulo yomkhathi ingabambezeleka ngenxa yokugcina nokusabalalisa ukushisa okuyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Neptune: Izinkathi Ezinde Eplanethini Ekude Kakhulu
I-Neptune inokuthambekela kwe-axial okungama-degrees angu-28-30, ngakho-ke ibuye ibhekane nezinkathi zonyaka. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi i-Neptune ithatha iminyaka engaba ngu-165 yoMhlaba ukuzungeza iLanga, izinkathi zayo zonyaka zinde kakhulu—amashumi eminyaka yoMhlaba.
I-Neptune ithola amandla amancane kakhulu elanga, kodwa inomoya osebenzayo ngokumangalisayo, onemimoya enamandla neziphepho. Njenge-Jupiter, izici zangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo somkhathi zidlala indima ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, izinguquko zesizini zingabangela ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokukhanya kwamafu esikhathini eside.
Amaplanethi Amancane Nezinyanga: Isizini Esithakazelisayo Ngokufanayo
Ngaphezu kwamaplanethi amakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, amaplanethi amancane afana nePluto nawo abhekana nezinkathi ezimangalisayo. I-Pluto inokuthambekela okukhulu kwe-axial kanye nomjikelezo ojikelezayo o-elliptical kakhulu, okuholela ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile ebangeni nasekhoneni lokukhanya kwelanga. Naphezu kokubanda kwayo okukhulu, iqhwa le-nitrogen ne-methane ebusweni bayo lingancipha futhi liwe, okudala "umjikelezo wezinkathi" oyingqayizivele wokufuduka kweqhwa kanye nezinguquko ekucindezelweni komkhathi wayo omncane.
Ezinye izinyanga nazo zibonisa ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka, njengenyanga kaSaturn iTitan, enomoya ojiyile kanye nomjikelezo we-methane ofana nomjikelezo wamanzi woMhlaba. Izinkathi zikaTitan zifana nezeSaturn, okuholela ekushintsheni kwemvula ye-methane kanye namaphethini amafu esikalini eside sonyaka.
I-Penutup
Izinkathi zonyaka ohlelweni lwelanga azigcini nje ngokuba "zishisa futhi zibanda" njengaseMhlabeni. Kwamanye amaplanethi, izinkathi zonyaka azibonakali kalula ngenxa yokuthambekela okuncane kwe-axial noma imimoya elingana amazinga okushisa. Kwamanye, izinkathi zihlala amashumi eminyaka futhi zingaba zimbi kakhulu, njengase-Uranus, ngokuthambekela kwayo kwe-axial okucishe kube yi-oblique. Ngisho nasemaplanethini angenazo izindawo eziqinile, njengeJupiter neSaturn, izinkathi zonyaka zisengathonya umkhathi namaphethini amafu, yize ukuguquguquka kwazo kwesimo sezulu kuqhutshwa kakhulu yizinqubo zangaphakathi.
Ukuqonda izinkathi kwamanye amaplanethi kusisiza sibone ukuthi isimo sezulu siwumphumela wezici eziningi ezixhumene—hhayi nje ibanga ukusuka eLangeni. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamaplanethi kunikeza nokuqonda ukuthi imimoya isebenza kanjani, ukuthi amandla asatshalaliswa kanjani, nokuthi izimo ezimbi kakhulu zingavela kanjani. Kulokhu, asigcini nje ngokufunda ngomakhelwane bethu bendawo yonke kodwa futhi sithola ukuqonda okujulile ngoMhlaba njengenye yamaplanethi anezinkathi “ezinobungane” empilweni.
