Ithonya Lamandla Adonsela Phansi Elangeni
Amandla adonsela phansi eLanga “yintambo engabonakali” egcina uhlelo lwelanga luhlelekile. Ngaphandle kokudonsa kwamandla adonsela phansi kweLanga, amaplanethi abengeke ajikeleze ngokuthula, kodwa kunalokho abezohamba ngesivinini sawo sokuqala bese ephonswa esikhaleni esiphakathi kwezinkanyezi. Kodwa ithonya lamandla adonsela phansi leLanga aligcini nje ngokuba “libambe” amaplanethi ndawonye; libumba imijikelezo yawo, linquma isivinini sawo, lithonya izinga lokushisa ngebanga, lisebenzisana namandla adonsela phansi amanye amaplanethi, futhi lize likhiqize imiphumela engabonakali njenge-orbital precession. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela amandla adonsela phansi eLanga asebenza ngayo nokuthi athonya kanjani ukuziphatha kwamaplanethi ohlelweni lwelanga.
1. Amandla adonsela phansi njengomlawuli oyinhloko wesimiso sonozungezilanga
Kalula nje, amandla adonsela phansi angamandla okukhanga phakathi kwesisindo esibili. ILanga liqukethe cishe u-99,86% wobunzima obuphelele besimiso selanga, okwenza ithonya lalo lamandla adonsela phansi libe namandla amakhulu. Ngenxa yobukhulu balo obukhulu, iLanga lidala "umthombo wamandla adonsela phansi" ojulile, okwenza izinto ezizungezile - amaplanethi, ama-asteroid, nama-comet - zithambekele ekulizungezeni.
Amaplanethi awaweli ngqo eLangeni ngoba nawo anejubane elikhulu eliqondile (ijubane eliseceleni). Umphumela uba ukunyakaza kokuzungeza: amaplanethi "awela" njalo eLangeni ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo "agijimela eceleni," ukuze izindlela zawo zigobe futhi zakhe imijikelezo evaliwe (ngokuvamile isondele kuma-ellipses).
2. Thola ukuma komjikelezo: i-ellipse, ukungavamile, kanye nebanga elimaphakathi
Ngokusho kwemithetho kaKepler, umjikelezo weplanethi ngokuvamile uyisiyingi, kanti iLanga ligxile kokunye. Lesi simo esiyisiyingi sinqunywa ukulingana phakathi kwamandla e-kinetic eplanethi kanye namandla ayo adonsela phansi ohlelweni lweLanga neplanethi.
Izinga "le-oval" le-orbit libizwa ngokuthi i-eccentricity. Uma i-eccentricity iseduze no-zero, i-orbit icishe ibe yindilinga (isibonelo, i-Venus). Uma inkulu, i-orbit i-elliptical kakhulu (isibonelo, i-Mercury, okuyinto engavamile kakhulu). Amandla adonsela phansi eLanga yiwona ayinhloko akha lezi zindilinga, kodwa ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi nakho kungashintsha kancane kancane i-eccentricity ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside kakhulu.
Ibanga leplanethi ukusuka eLangeni nalo linquma izinto eziningi: kusukela ekushiseni kwayo okujwayelekile kuya esikhathini sayo sokuguquka. Amaplanethi aseduze njengeMercury neVenus athola amandla adonsela phansi anamandla kunamaplanethi akude kakhulu njenge-Uranus neNeptune.
3. Lawula ijubane leplanethi: lapho isondela, ishesha kakhulu
Omunye wemiphumela eqondakala kalula yamandla adonsela phansi eLangeni ukushintshashintsha kwesivinini sokuzungeza. Amaplanethi aseduze neLanga ahamba ngokushesha. Lokhu kuhambisana nomthetho wesibili kaKepler: amaplanethi ashanela izindawo ezilinganayo ngezikhathi ezilinganayo, ngakho-ke uma iplanethi iseduze neLanga (perihelion), ijubane layo liyakhuphuka; uma ikude kakhulu (aphelion), ijubane layo liyancipha.
Isibonelo, iMercury ijikeleza iLanga ezinsukwini ezingaba ngu-88 zoMhlaba, kanti iNeptune ithatha iminyaka engaba ngu-165 yoMhlaba ukuqeda umjikelezo owodwa. Lo mehluko omkhulu uvela ngoba ukudonsa okudonsela phansi iplanethi ekubonayo kuncike ebangeni layo: lapho ikude kakhulu, kulapho ukudonsa kuba buthaka khona, ngakho-ke ijubane elizinzile lokuzungeza elidingekayo ukuze kulinganiswe amandla adonsela phansi.
4. Ukunquma isikhathi soguquko: ubudlelwano phakathi kwebanga nesikhathi
Umthetho wesithathu kaKepler uthi isikwele sesikhathi sokuguquka kweplanethi silingana ngqo ne-cube yebanga layo elimaphakathi neLanga. Ngokombono, lapho iplanethi ikude neLanga, ibanga layo lokuzungeza liba likhulu futhi amandla ayo adonsela phansi abuthakathaka, okuphambukisa indlela yayo, okwenza kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuqeda umjikelezo owodwa.
Umthelela ubonakala ngokucacile esikalini sesimiso selanga: amaplanethi angaphakathi “aneminyaka” emifushane, kuyilapho amaplanethi angaphandle enemide. Lokhu akubangelwa nje amabanga awo amakhulu okuzungeza umhlaba, kodwa futhi kungenxa yejubane lawo eliphansi lokuzungeza umhlaba ngenxa yokudonsa kwawo okuncane kwamandla adonsela phansi.
5. Ukuzinza kwe-orbital kanye "nomdanso" wamandla adonsela phansi namanye amaplanethi
Nakuba amandla adonsela phansi eLanga ebusa, amaplanethi nawo ayakhangana. Lokhu kusebenzisana kudala ukuphazamiseka kwe-orbital okungashintsha ukuthambekela kwe-orbital, ukungavamile, kanye nendawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, iLanga lihlala liyinsika eyinhloko evimbela uhlelo ukuthi lungahambi kahle.
Isibonelo esivamile sethonya elihlangene lamandla adonsela phansi leLanga namanye amaplanethi yi-orbital resonance. Isibonelo, amanye ama-asteroid atholakala "ezikhaleni" ezithile ebhande le-asteroid ngenxa ye-resonance ne-Jupiter. Kulezi zifunda, ukudonsa kwe-Jupiter ngezikhathi ezithile—ngomongo wesistimu elawulwa yiLanga—kungaphazamisa ukujikeleza kwe-asteroid, kubangele ukuthi ingazinzile futhi kuyisunduzele kwenye i-orbit.
Ngamanye amazwi, amandla adonsela phansi eLanga akha isigaba esiphakathi, kuyilapho amaplanethi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi iJupiter neSaturn, eba “abadlali” abengeziwe abathonya amandla.
6. Ukwehla nokugeleza kanye nethonya elingaqondile
Amandla adonsela phansi eLanga nawo abangela amandla olwandle. EMhlabeni, amaza olwandle anamandla kakhulu avela emaza adonsela phansi eNyanga, kodwa iLanga nalo linegalelo elikhulu. Lapho iLanga, iNyanga, noMhlaba sekucishe kulingane (kusha noma inyanga egcwele), amaza afinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu (amaza entwasahlobo). Uma akha i-engeli efanele (ikota yokuqala noma yesithathu), amaza afinyelela ezingeni eliphansi (amaza afinyelela ezingeni eliphansi).
Kwamanye amaplanethi, imiphumela yokwanda kolwandle evela eLangeni ingaba nomthelela ekufudumaleni kwangaphakathi uma into iseduze futhi umjikelezo wayo ungavamile. Nakuba izibonelo ezinamandla kakhulu zokufudumala kolwandle zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokusebenzisana namaplanethi amakhulu (isb., i-Io ne-Jupiter), isimiso somzimba sihlala sifana: umehluko ekudonsweni kwamandla adonsela phansi ezingxenyeni zento udala ukwelula, ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi, kanye nokushisa.
7. Ukujikeleza kwe-orbital: ushintsho oluhamba kancane endleleni eya ku-ellipse
Ukujikeleza kwamaplanethi akuzona izingqimba "eziqinile". Isiqondiso se-long axis ye-ellipse sijikeleza kancane, into ebizwa ngokuthi i-precession. Lokhu kwehla kwenzeka ngenxa yenhlanganisela yezici: ukuphazamiseka kwamandla adonsela phansi okuvela kwamanye amaplanethi kanye nemiphumela yokuhlobana okujwayelekile, okubaluleke kakhulu kuMercury.
KuMercury, i-perihelion precession yayo ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zobufakazi bokuthi u-Einstein uhlobene kanjani. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi impande yalesi simo isaxhunyaniswe neqiniso lokuthi iLanga liyisikhungo esikhulu samandla adonsela phansi, okudala i-geometry ye-orbital ezwela kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni okuncane.
8. Ukugcina amaplanethi eboshiwe: imingcele yethonya leLanga
Ngokwamandla adonsela phansi, iLanga linesifunda esibusayo esibizwa ngokuthi "i-sphere of influence," noma, ngokubanzi, umngcele wokuzinza kwamandla adonsela phansi ngokumelene nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sifunda, izinto zivame ukuboshelwa kakhulu eLangeni kunezinye izinkanyezi. Yingakho ama-comet ajulile e-Oort Cloud esabhekwa njengengxenye yesimiso selanga, naphezu kwebanga lawo elikhulu.
Kodwa emikhawulweni engaphandle, ukudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwezinye izinkanyezi kanye nokuphazamiseka komthala kungaphazamisa ukujikeleza kwenkanyezi enomsila, kuyiphonse ohlelweni lwangaphakathi lwelanga noma ngisho ngaphandle. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi eLanga, nakuba enamandla esikalini samaplanethi, asenemingcele ebangeni elide kakhulu.
9. Ithonya esimweni sezulu kanye nezimo zomzimba zeplanethi ngebanga
Amandla adonsela phansi eLanga awagcini nje “ngokulawula ukunyakaza,” kodwa futhi athonya ngokungaqondile izimo zamaplanethi ngokulawula ibanga elizungeza umhlaba. Ibanga linquma ubukhulu bokukhanya namandla iplanethi ewatholayo. Indawo okuhlalwa kuyo ivame ukuxoxwa ngayo kulo mongo, ububanzi lapho amanzi angoketshezi angaba khona azinzile khona ebusweni beplanethi (uma kucatshangelwa isimo sezulu esifanelekile).
Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yokuthi amandla adonsela phansi eLangeni anquma umjikelezo (futhi umjikelezo unquma ibanga elimaphakathi), amandla adonsela phansi adlala indima enkulu ekutheni iplanethi ibe nezimo ezifanele ukuphila.
Isiphetho
Ithonya lamandla adonsela phansi eLangeni kumaplanethi liyisisekelo futhi lisakazeke kabanzi. Libamba amaplanethi endaweni yawo, linquma ukuma nokuqina kwemizila yawo, lilawula ijubane lawo kanye nesikhathi sokuguquka, futhi lisebenzisana namandla adonsela phansi kwamanye amaplanethi ukuze likhiqize ukuphazamiseka kwe-orbital, ama-resonance, kanye ne-precession. Ngisho nezimo ezizwakala eMhlabeni, njengezinga lolwandle, zihilela iLanga. Ekugcineni, amandla adonsela phansi eLanga angaphezulu nje kwamandla okukhanga; yisakhiwo esiyinhloko esakha "ukwakheka" kwesimiso selanga futhi sivumele amaplanethi ukuba alandele iphethini evamile yokunyakaza izigidigidi zeminyaka.
