Amasathelayithi Emvelo Amaplanethi Esimisweni Selanga
I-satellite yemvelo umzimba wasezulwini ojikeleza iplanethi noma iplanethi encane ngenxa yokudonswa kwayo amandla adonsela phansi. Esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ama-satellite emvelo avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izinyanga," yize lelo gama ekuqaleni lalibhekisela eNyangeni ejikeleza uMhlaba. Ukuba khona kwama-satellite emvelo kungaphezu nje kokuhambisana: athonya ukuzinza kokujikeleza kweplanethi, akhiqize amagagasi, abangele umsebenzi we-geological, futhi asebenza njengezindawo zemvelo zokuqonda ukwakheka kwesistimu yelanga. Kusukela ezinyangeni ezincane, ezingamile ngendlela engavamile kuya ezinyangeni ezinkulu kuneMercury, ukuhlukahluka kwama-satellite emvelo kubonisa isimo esiguquguqukayo somlando wendawo yonke esizungezile.
Umsuka wamasathelayithi emvelo: akhiwe, athunjwa, noma ashayisana
Ososayensi bahlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-satellite emvelo ngezimo eziningana eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, akha ngamaplanethi awo (ukwakheka ngokubambisana) kusuka kudiski yezinto ezizungeze iplanethi encane. Lokhu kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeke ngama-satellite amaningi amaplanethi amakhulu afana neJupiter neSaturn, anezinhlelo "ezincane" ezifana nezinhlelo ezincane zelanga. Okwesibili, abanjwa amandla adonsela phansi, lapho into edlulayo ilahlekelwa amandla (isibonelo, ngokusebenzisana kwemizimba emithathu noma ukudonswa kwegesi kwasekuqaleni) bese ibanjwa njenge-satellite. Ama-satellite amaningi amancane anemizila etshekile noma ephambene nokuqondisa kokujikeleza kweplanethi kucatshangwa ukuthi avela kule nqubo. Okwesithathu, akha ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu, njengombono odumile kakhulu wemvelaphi yeNyanga yoMhlaba: ukushayisana kwento enobukhulu beMars noMhlaba omncane okwakhipha izinto kamuva ezahlangana ndawonye ukuze zakhe iNyanga.
Ukuhlukahluka kwemizila yesathelayithi—eminye icishe ibe yindilinga futhi ihambisana ne-equator yeplanethi, eminye i-elliptical kakhulu, futhi eminye ibuyele emuva—kuqopha iminonjana yalezi zinqubo.
Amaplanethi aseMhlabeni: amasathelayithi ambalwa, kodwa anethonya elikhulu
Amaplanethi anamatshe (iMercury, iVenus, uMhlaba, iMars) avame ukuba nama-satellite ambalwa. Lokhu kungenxa yobuningi bawo obuncane kanye nezinkundla zamandla adonsela phansi ezingenamandla kakhulu kunamaplanethi amakhulu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukunakekela noma "ukuqoqa" izinhlelo ezinkulu zama-satellite.
I-Mercury: azikho iziphuphutheki zemvelo
I-Mercury ayinazo iziphuphutheki zemvelo. Ukusondela kwayo eLangeni kudala indawo enamandla kakhulu yamandla adonsela phansi kanye nemisebe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ezungezile ezinzile yamaphuphutheki (lapho "engadonswa khona" kalula yiLanga) ilinganiselwe kakhulu.
I-Venus: akukho ziphuphutheki, imfihlakalo ye-dynamics
IVenus ayinazo futhi iziphuphutheki zemvelo. Eminye imibono iphakamisa ukuthi iVenus kungenzeka ukuthi yake yaba neziphuphutheki ezincane ezalahleka kamuva ngenxa yokuxhumana noma ukushayisana kwamagagasi. Ukujikeleza kweVenus okuhamba kancane kakhulu nokubuya emuva kuvame ukuholela ezingxoxweni mayelana nokuthi isikhathi sayo esidlule sasihilela yini isenzakalo esikhulu somthelela.
Umhlaba: Inyanga njengesiqinisi kanye nomshayeli wolwandle
Umhlaba unesathelayithi esisodwa semvelo esikhulu kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nobukhulu baso: iNyanga. INyanga ithonya uMhlaba ngezindlela eziningi, ikakhulukazi amagagasi olwandle kanye nokuqina kwe-axis yawo yokujikeleza. Lokhu kuzinza kukholakala ukuthi kusiza ukugcina isimo sezulu soMhlaba sihambisana kakhulu nezikhathi ze-geologic. Ubuso beNyanga buphethe irekhodi lesimiso selanga sokuqala ngoba asinawo umoya kanye nomsebenzi omkhulu we-tectonic njengoMhlaba; imigodi yayo isebenza njengengobo yomlando yemithelela yesikhathi esidlule.
I-Mars: I-Phobos ne-Deimos, izinyanga ezincane okungenzeka ukuthi zithunjiwe
IMars inezinyanga ezimbili ezincane: iPhobos neDeimos. Zombili azimile ngendlela efanayo, zimnyama, futhi zincane kakhulu kuneNyanga. Ososayensi abaningi basola ukuthi ziyi-asteroid ebanjwe, yize futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi zakhiwe ngemfucumfucu evela ekushayweni okukhulu kweMars. I-Phobos ijikeleza eduze kakhulu futhi yehla kancane kancane iye eMars; kulindeleke ukuthi ekugcineni ihlakazeke ibe yindandatho noma iwele ebusweni beMars.
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi: umbuso oyinkimbinkimbi wamasathelayithi
Amaplanethi amakhulu egesi (iJupiter neSaturn) anama-satellite amaningi ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, amadiski okwakheka abanzi, kanye nekhono elinamandla lokudonsela phansi lokubamba izinto.
I-Jupiter: Izinyanga zaseGalile kanye nekhono lemihlaba yolwandle
I-Jupiter idume ngamasathelayithi ayo amakhulu amane atholwe nguGalileo Galilei ngo-1610: i-Io, i-Europa, i-Ganymede, kanye ne-Callisto (ebizwa ngokuthi amasathelayithi aseGalile). Wonke amane abonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu:
– Io iyisidumbu esisebenza kakhulu ngenxa yentaba-mlilo ohlelweni lwelanga, esishiswa amandla olwandle avela ekudonsweni kweJupiter kanye nokuzwana kwe-orbital ne-Europa kanye ne-Ganymede.
– I-Europa inendawo ebushelelezi neqhwa, enezinkomba eziqinile zolwandle oluwuketshezi ngaphansi kweqhwa—okuyinto eyinhloko yokufuna ukuphila kwamagciwane.
– I-Ganymede iyisathelayithi enkulu kunazo zonke ohlelweni lwelanga, inkulu ngisho kuneMercury, futhi inensimu yayo yamagnetic.
– I-Callisto inezimbobo eziningi futhi “ithule”, iqopha umlando omude wemithelela.
Ngaphezu kwamasathelayithi amakhulu, iJupiter inamasathelayithi amancane amaningi, amaningi awo azungeza emuva futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ayimizimba ethathwe noma eqhekekile yezinto ezinkulu.
I-Saturn: I-Titan, i-Enceladus, kanye nezwe lendandatho
I-Saturn yaziwa kakhulu ngesistimu yayo yokujikeleza, kodwa izinyanga zayo nazo ziyathakazelisa. I-Titan iyinyanga enkulu kunazo zonke e-Saturn futhi iyona kuphela enesimo sezulu esijiyile. I-Titan inamachibi nemvula ye-methane/ethane, okwenza ibe yi-analogue eyingqayizivele yezinqubo zamakhemikhali zangaphambi kwe-biotic naphezu kokushisa kwayo okubandayo.
Enye inyanga evelele yi-Enceladus, ekhipha ama-geyser eqhwa nomhwamuko wamanzi emifantwini e-southern pole yayo. La ma-plume abonisa ulwandle olungaphansi komhlaba olungaba nezimo zokuhlala. Izinhlayiya eziningi ezivela kuma-geyser e-Enceladus zinegalelo emasongweni e-Saturn, okubonisa ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwenyanga nesakhiwo sendandatho.
Amaplanethi amakhulu eqhwa: amasathelayithi ahlukile kanye nezimpawu zoshintsho olukhulu
I-Uranus ne-Neptune zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-ice giants ngoba ukwakheka kwazo kucebile "ngama-ice" afana namanzi, i-ammonia, ne-methane ngaphansi komfutho ophezulu. Izinyanga zazo zinikeza izinkomba mayelana nomlando wazo wokushayisana kanye nokubanjwa.
I-Uranus: uhlelo lwesathelayithi olunamandla angavamile
I-Uranus ine-axis etshekile kakhulu—ibonakala sengathi “izungeza” iLanga. Lokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi kuwumphumela womthelela omkhulu emlandweni wayo wokuqala. Izinyanga ezinkulu ze-Uranus, i-Titania, i-Oberon, i-Umbriel, i-Ariel, ne-Miranda, zibonisa ezinye izindawo eziqhekekile kanye nezimpawu zomsebenzi wesikhathi esidlule. I-Miranda iphawuleka ngobuso bayo “obuxubene” kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi iye yadlula ezinqubweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-geological.
I-Neptune: I-Triton, isathelayithi esibuyela emuva okucatshangwa ukuthi sithunjiwe
Inyanga ebaluleke kakhulu kaNeptune yiTriton, ejikeleza emuva. Lokhu kusikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi iTriton yinto ebanjiwe, okungenzeka ukuthi ivela eKuiper Belt. ITriton inama-geyser e-nitrogen kanye nendawo ebandayo esebenzayo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukubanjwa kweTriton kuphazamise uhlelo lwesathelayithi lwangaphambilini lukaNeptune, mhlawumbe kwabhubhisa noma kwaxosha izinyanga ezindala.
Kungani amasathelayithi emvelo ebalulekile kwisayensi?
Ucwaningo lwamasathelayithi emvelo luphendula imibuzo eminingi eyisisekelo: indlela amaplanethi akheka ngayo, indlela ikhemistri ethuthuka ngayo, nokuthi izimo zokuhlala zingase zivele kuphi. Amasathelayithi afana ne-Europa ne-Enceladus athakazelisa kakhulu ngenxa yamandla awo okuthola amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nemithombo yamandla yangaphakathi. INyanga Yomhlaba iyasiza ekuqondeni umlando wokuqala wokwakheka kwamaplanethi omhlaba. Okwamanje, amasathelayithi amancane, angajwayelekile anikeza izinkomba zokufuduka kwamaplanethi kanye nokuthwebula izinqubo ohlelweni lwelanga lokuqala.
Amasathelayithi asebenza futhi “njengabalawuli” be-dynamics. Amandla olwandle angafudumeza ingaphakathi lamasathelayithi, andise umsebenzi we-geological, futhi athonye ngisho nomkhathi. Ukusebenzisana kwamasathelayithi anezindandatho—njenge-“shepherd moons” eziqapha imiphetho yamasathelayithi—kusikisela ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi, ukungqubuzana okuncane, kanye nokuzwana kwe-orbital kusebenza ndawonye ukwakha izakhiwo esizibonayo.
I-Penutup
Amasathelayithi emvelo amaplanethi ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga ayimihlaba emincane enobuntu obuphawulekayo. Amanye afile futhi aqhekekile njengeCallisto, amanye abhujiswe yizintaba-mlilo njenge-Io, amanye agcina izilwandle ezifihliwe njenge-Europa ne-Enceladus, kanti amanye anezimo ezijiyile njenge-Titan. Ukuqonda amasathelayithi emvelo kusho ukuqonda umlando wokwakheka kwamaplanethi, amandla adonsela phansi, kanye namathuba okuvela kwendawo esekela ukuphila. Emashumini eminyaka ezayo, imisebenzi yasemkhathini eqondiswe enyangeni ezibandayo kanye nezinhlelo zamasathelayithi zamaplanethi amakhulu cishe izoba yisihluthulelo ekuphenduleni imibuzo emikhulu: uhlukile kangakanani uMhlaba, futhi ingabe ukuphila kungenzeka kwenye indawo ohlelweni lwelanga?
Uma ungathanda, ngingangeza ithebula elifushane lezinyanga ezinkulu zeplanethi ngayinye noma ngenze inguqulo yesihloko egxile kakhulu "ezinyangeni ezingase zihlalwe" njenge-Europa, i-Enceladus, ne-Titan.
