Ukusebenzisana Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi Kwamaplanethi
Amandla adonsela phansi angamandla abonakala "engabonakali", kodwa alawula ukuhleleka endaweni yonke. Ngaphakathi kweSistimu Yelanga, ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi kusebenza njengenethiwekhi eqhubekayo yokudonsa nokudonsa. Ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi, amaplanethi abengeke azungeze iLanga, izinyanga bezingeke zijikeleze amaplanethi azo ngokwethembeka, futhi izakhiwo zendandatho, ama-asteroid, nama-comet bekuzohamba ngaphandle kwephethini ezinzile. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi okwenzeka ngayo, umthelela wawo emijikelezweni nasekushintsheni kweSistimu Yelanga, kanye nezibonelo zezenzakalo ezibalulekile esingazibona futhi sizifunde.
Izisekelo zamandla adonsela phansi kanye nezindlela zokujikeleza kwamaplanethi
Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi uthi izinto ezimbili ezinobunzima zizodonselana ngamandla alingana nomkhiqizo wobuningi bazo futhi zilingane ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwazo. Ngokomongo weSistimu Yelanga, iLanga liwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla adonsela phansi ngoba ubunzima balo bunamandla kakhulu—ngaphezu kuka-99% wobunzima besistimu. Yingakho wonke amaplanethi ezungeza iLanga.
Nokho, amaplanethi awabona “abagibeli abangenzi lutho.” Iplanethi ngayinye nayo inobunzima, ngakho-ke ithonya ukuzungeza komunye nomunye. Nakuba ithonya langaphakathi kwamaplanethi livame ukuba lincane kakhulu kuneLanga, le miphumela emincane inganqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ikhiqize izinguquko ezibalulekile esimweni sokuzungeza, ukuthambekela kwendiza ye-orbital, ngisho nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwesistimu.
Kungani kubalulekile ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaplanethi?
Uma ubheka kuqala, ukuzungeza kwamaplanethi kubonakala kujwayelekile futhi cishe kungashintshi. Kodwa uma silinganisa izindawo zamaplanethi ngokucophelela, sithola ukuphambuka okuncane ezindleleni zawo eziqondile ezi-elliptical. Lokhu kuphambuka kubizwa ngokuthi ukuphambuka kwamandla adonsela phansi, okuyiziphazamiso ezincane emizuliswaneni ebangelwa ukudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwezinye izinto—ikakhulukazi amaplanethi amakhulu afana neJupiter neSaturn.
Lokhu kuphazamiseka kubalulekile ngoba:
1. Ukunquma ukunemba kwezibikezelo zesikhundla samaplanethi. Ukuzulazula esikhaleni kanye nokubalwa kwendlela yemikhumbi-mkhathi kumele kufake imiphumela yamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi ukuqinisekisa ukunemba.
2. Ukwakha ukwakheka kweSistimu Yelanga. Ukuhlangana kwe-orbital kanye nokuphazamiseka kwamandla adonsela phansi kuthonya izikhala zamaplanethi, ibhande le-asteroid, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ze-Kuiper Belt.
3. Kuthinta ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi kuya kwezigidigidi, ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi kungabangela ukuthi imijikelezo ibe yi-elliptical, ishintshe, noma ibangele ukushayisana ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuphazamiseka kwamandla adonsela phansi: ukudonsa okuncane, umthelela omkhulu
Uma amaplanethi amabili esondelene kakhulu (isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuhlangana), ukudonsa kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwawo kuyanda. Iplanethi enkulu kakhulu ibangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu. I-Jupiter, njengeplanethi enkulu kunazo zonke, ingumdlali omkhulu ekuphazamiseni iSistimu Yelanga. Ukudonsa kwe-Jupiter kungashintsha ukujikeleza kwama-asteroid, kuthinte ama-comet, futhi kushintshe kancane ukujikeleza kwamanye amaplanethi.
Isibonelo esaziwayo somthelela wokuphazamiseka ukushintsha kwe-perihelion kaMercury (indawo lapho iMercury iseduze kakhulu neLanga). Iningi lokushintsha lingachazwa ngethonya lamandla adonsela phansi kwamanye amaplanethi, yize umphumela omncane osele kamuva uchazwa yinkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein yokuhlobana kwezinto. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuze siqonde ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi ngokunembile, kumelwe sicabangele ukusebenzisana kwamaplanethi kanye ne-physics ejulile yamandla adonsela phansi.
I-orbital resonance: "isigqi" samandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi
Ukuhlangana kwe-orbital kwenzeka lapho izinkathi ze-orbital zezinto ezimbili zakha isilinganiso esilula senombolo ephelele, njengo-2:1 noma u-3:2. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ukudonsa okuphindaphindiwe kwe-gravitational esigabeni esifanayo kungakhulisa umphumela wokuphazamiseka, njengokugudluza okuncane okuphindaphindiwe ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ukuphimisana kungadala izinto ezimbili ezibonakala ziphikisana:
– Ukuqinisa imijikelezo. Amanye ama-resonance agcina ukuhleleka, egcina izinto ezincane ezindleleni zazo.
– Kuphazamisa ukuzungeza. Ama-resonance athile empeleni andisa ukungezwani kwemizila, okuvumela izinto ukuthi "ziphonswe" noma zishayisane.
Ebhandeni le-asteroid, kukhona "izikhala ze-Kirkwood," izikhala ekusabalaleni kwe-asteroid okubangelwa ukufana kwe-Jupiter. Ama-asteroid angaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokufana ahlangabezana nokuphazamiseka okuvamile okushintsha ukuzungeza kwawo, okuholela ekugcineni ekususweni kwawo esifundeni. Lesi yisibonelo esicacile sendlela ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi "okudala" ngayo isakhiwo se-Solar System.
Ukushintshana kwamandla kanye nomfutho we-angular
Esimisweni esinemizimba eminingi (iLanga namaplanethi), amandla aphelele kanye nomfutho we-angular empeleni kuyalondolozwa, kodwa ukushintshana kungenzeka phakathi kwamalungu esistimu. Amaplanethi angakwazi "ukushintshana" nomfutho we-angular ngokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi okude, okuholela ezinguqukweni ezincane ezintweni ezizungezayo ezifana nalezi:
– Ukuma kwe-Eccentricity (ukuma kwe-orbital)
– Ukuthambekela (ukuthambekela komjikelezo)
– Umugqa we-Apsis (isiqondiso se-axis ende ye-orbit)
– Umugqa we-Node (ukuqondiswa kwendiza ejikelezayo)
Lezi zinguquko zivame ukuhamba kancane, kodwa ngezinga lezinkanyezi zingaba zibalulekile. Yingakho ukulingisa amandla eSistimu Yelanga kuvame ukwenziwa ukuze kufundwe ukuzinza kwemijikelezo yamaplanethi eminyakeni eyizigidigidi.
Indima yamaplanethi amakhulu: uJupiter noSaturn “njengabakhi bezakhiwo”
I-Jupiter ne-Saturn zinezinqwaba ezinkulu, ngakho-ke ithonya lazo lamandla adonsela phansi lifinyelela kude. Zidlala indima ekabili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingavikela i-Solar System yangaphakathi ngokuphazamisa imizila yama-comet, ziwavimbele ukungena ohlelweni lwangaphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingathumela nezinye izinto ngaphakathi ngezinguquko eziqhubekayo zokujikeleza, okungenzeka zibe usongo lokushayisana kwamaplanethi anamatshe njengoMhlaba.
Amamodeli okwakheka kweSistimu Yelanga aphakamisa nokuthi ukufuduka kweplanethi enkulu ezinsukwini zokuqala kwakungase kuhlele izikhundla zezinto ezincane ngendlela engahleliwe, kushukumise izinto, futhi kusize ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ibhande le-asteroid linobunzima obuncane kakhulu kunalokho obekungalindelwa ukube lalakhiwe “ngokuthula” ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye namagagasi
Nakuba isihloko "siphakathi kwamaplanethi," imiphumela yolwandle iyindlela ebalulekile yokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi evame ukwenzeka ezinhlelweni zamaplanethi nenyanga kanye nasemaplanethini aseduze nezinkanyezi zawo. Amaza avela ngoba amandla adonsela phansi anamandla kakhulu ohlangothini lwento eseduze nomthombo wamandla adonsela phansi, okubangela ukwelula.
Ngokwesilinganiso samaplanethi, amagagasi angenza:
– Ukushintsha ukujikeleza (ukwehlisa ijubane noma ukukhiya ukujikeleza, njengokuthi iNyanga ivalelwe eMhlabeni).
– Ikhiqiza ukushisa kwangaphakathi (isibonelo esibi kakhulu: Io, inyanga kaJupiter, isebenza kakhulu ngentaba-mlilo ngenxa yamandla olwandle).
– Ibanga elishintsha kancane kancane elijikeleza umhlaba (isib. iNyanga isuka eMhlabeni ngamasentimitha ambalwa ngonyaka).
Amagagasi aqondile phakathi kwamaplanethi ngokuvamile mancane ngoba amabanga aphakathi kwamaplanethi makhulu kakhulu, kodwa izimiso ezifanayo ezibonakalayo zibonisa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi angashintsha kanjani isimo somzimba sezinto zasezulwini, hhayi nje izindlela zazo.
Ukuphazamiseka kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokutholwa kwamaplanethi
Umlando wezinkanyezi ubonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla "lokuphenya" lendawo yonke. Iplanethi iNeptune yatholakala ngekhulu le-19 ngoba umjikelezo we-Uranus wabonisa ukungalingani amaplanethi aziwayo ayengenakukuchaza. Ososayensi base bebikezela ukuthi kukhona iplanethi entsha esekelwe kulezi ziphazamiso zamandla adonsela phansi—futhi iNeptune yatholakala ngempela eduze kwendawo yayo eyayibikezelwe. Lokhu kwakungenye yezindlela ezinkulu zokunqoba kwemishini yasezulwini.
Enkathini yanamuhla, amasu afanayo asetshenziswa ezifundweni zangaphandle. Izinguquko ekushintsheni kwesikhathi sokuhamba (i-TTV) kweplanethi edlula phambi kwenkanyezi yayo zingabonisa ukuba khona kwenye iplanethi okubangela ukuphazamiseka kwamandla adonsela phansi. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi akugcini nje ngokulawula iSistimu Yelanga kodwa futhi kunikeza indlela yokuthola eminye imihlaba.
Ukuqina kweSistimu Yelanga: okuvamile, kodwa hhayi okuqinile ngokuphelele
Umbuzo othakazelisayo uthi: iSistimu Yelanga izinzile kangakanani? Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sizinzile impela, kodwa kukhona isici "sesiphithiphithi esinqunyiwe" ezindleleni eziningi zomzimba. Isiphithiphithi lapha asisho ukungahleleki okungenamthetho, kodwa kunalokho sibucayi kakhulu ezimweni zokuqala. Izinguquko ezincane kakhulu endaweni yokuqala zingenza izibikezelo zesikhathi esizayo zibe nzima kakhulu.
Phakathi nezikhathi zezigidi zeminyaka, izikhundla zamaplanethi zisabikezelwa kahle. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amakhulu ezigidi kuya ezigidigidini zeminyaka, ukungaqiniseki kuyanda. Noma kunjalo, ngokwaziwa, amathuba okuba iSistimu Yelanga ibe "yisiphithiphithi esikhulu" maduze nje mancane kakhulu. Ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi kusebenza njengendlela eyinkimbinkimbi: ngezinye izikhathi kuyaqina, ngezinye izikhathi kudala ukushintshashintsha okucashile, kodwa ngokuvamile kuholela ohlelweni oluhlala isikhathi eside ngokumangalisayo.
I-Penutup
Ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwamaplanethi kuyisisekelo se-dynamics ye-Solar System. Kuchaza ukuthi kungani ama-orbit engazinzile ngokuphelele, ukuthi ama-resonance akha kanjani izakhiwo ezifana nezikhala ebhande le-asteroid, ukuthi amaplanethi amakhulu athonya kanjani imizimba emincane, nokuthi ukutholakala kwamaplanethi kungaqondiswa kanjani ukuphazamiseka kwe-orbital. Amandla adonsela phansi akuyona nje "into edonsayo" elula, kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo elawula imigqi ye-cosmic. Ukuqonda lokhu kusebenzisana kusisiza ukuthi sifunde umlando we-Solar System, sibikezele ukunyakaza kwezidalwa zasezulwini, futhi sithole ngisho namaplanethi kwezinye izinhlelo zezinkanyezi. Kulokhu kudonswa okuthule kodwa okuqhubekayo, i-Solar System igcina ukuhleleka kwayo—ibhalansi enamandla ethakazelisayo.
