Izinhlobo Zezinkanyezi Emkhathini
Indawo yonke yethu igcwele izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo zasezulwini, futhi phakathi kwezinto ezithandwa kakhulu nezifundwayo kukhona izinkanyezi. Izinkanyezi ziyizingqimba ezinkulu zegesi ezikhanyisa isikhala ngokukhanya kwazo ngenqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwenyukliya emizimbeni yazo. Zingabonakala ebusuku njengezici zokukhanya ezikhanya esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinkanyezi ezifanayo; ziza ngezinhlobo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ngayinye inezici ezihlukile ezizihlukanisa nezinye. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo zezinkanyezi esingazithola endaweni yonke.
1. Izinkanyezi Eziyinhloko Zokulandelana
Inkanyezi Ebomvu Eyi-Dwarf
Ama-red dwarf ayizinkanyezi ezivame kakhulu endaweni yonke. Ayizinkanyezi ezincane ezinesisindo esiphansi kakhulu kuneLanga lethu. Ama-red dwarf angaba nesisindo esincane ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-0,075 kuneLanga kanye namazinga okushisa angaphezulu angaba ngu-2.500 kuya ku-4.000 degrees Kelvin. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi, ama-red dwarf avame ukukhanya ngokukhanya okubomvu okufiphele. Naphezu kwalokhu, angaphila impilo ende kakhulu, kanti isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela amakhulu ezigidigidi zeminyaka.
Inkanyezi Ephuzi Ephuzi (Uhlobo G)
Izinkanyezi eziphuzi ezimfushane, njengeLanga lethu, zingenye uhlobo lwezinkanyezi ezilandelanayo eziyinhloko. Izinkanyezi eziphuzi ezimfushane zinesisindo esisukela ku-0,8 kuya ku-1,2 esiphindwe kabili kunesisindo seLanga kanye namazinga okushisa omhlaba aphakathi kuka-5.300 no-6.000 degrees Kelvin. Zikhanya ngokukhanya okumhlophe kuya kokuphuzi. Amandla e-thermonuclear aqhuma ezingxenyeni zazo zomzimba enza lezi zinkanyezi zikhanye kakhulu ekukhanyeni okubonakala emehlweni enyama.
Inkanyezi Enkulu
Inkanyezi enkulu iyisigaba sokuziphendukela kwezinkanyezi esenzeka ngemva kokuba izinkanyezi ezilandelanayo ezinkulu zishise iningi le-hydrogen emaphakathini azo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, inkanyezi iqala ukushisa i-helium nezinye izakhi, yande ibe inkanyezi enkulu kakhulu kunangaphambili. Zingafinyelela osayizi abaphindwe kaningana kuneLanga lethu futhi zikhanye ngokukhanya okumangalisayo. Isibonelo esisodwa esidumile senkanyezi enkulu yi-Betelgeuse, etholakala eqoqweni lezinkanyezi i-Orion.
Inkanyezi Enkulu Ebomvu
Izinkanyezi ezinkulu ezibomvu yizinkanyezi ezishise cishe yonke i-hydrogen ema-core azo futhi seziqalile ukushisa i-helium. Zikhipha ukukhanya okubomvu ngenxa yokushisa kwazo okuphansi kunezinkanyezi ezilandelanayo. Isibonelo esisodwa se-giant ebomvu yi-Aldebaran eqoqweni lezinkanyezi i-Taurus.
Inkanyezi Enkulu Eluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka
Enye yezinkanyezi ezikhazimulayo nezikhanya kakhulu endaweni yonke yinkanyezi enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lolu hlobo lwenkanyezi lunobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu, obuphakathi kwesisindo seLanga esiphindwe kayishumi kuya kwekhulu, kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu, okufinyelela kuma-degrees angu-50.000 eKelvin. Ngenxa yamandla amakhulu e-thermonuclear ema-cores azo, izinkanyezi ezinkulu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zikhanya ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo kakhulu. Ngeshwa, zinesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuphila, iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa kuphela, ngoba zisheshe zisebenzise uphethiloli wazo wenuzi.
Inkanyezi ye-Supernova
I-supernova ukuqhuma okukhulu kwezinkanyezi, okuvame ukwenzeka ekupheleni komjikelezo wokuphila kwenkanyezi enkulu. Lapho inkanyezi enkulu iphelelwa uphethiloli wenuzi, umongo uyawa, okubangela ukuqhuma okukhulu okukhiphela izingqimba zangaphandle zenkanyezi emkhathini. I-supernovae iphakathi kwezehlakalo ezinamandla kakhulu endaweni yonke futhi iyindlu yamandla yezinto ezisindayo njengensimbi, igolide, ne-uranium, ezisakazeke kulo lonke i-galaxy. Zingaphinde zibangele ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezintsha nezinhlelo zamaplanethi.
Inkanyezi Emhlophe Eyi-Dwarf
Ama-dwarf amhlophe ayizinsalela zezinkanyezi ezilandelanayo ezifinyelele ekupheleni kwemijikelezo yazo yokuphila. Lapho izinkanyezi ezifana neLanga lethu ziphelelwa uphethiloli wenuzi, zilahla izendlalelo zazo zangaphandle, zishiya umongo oshisayo noqinile. Lawa ma-dwarf amhlophe anobunzima obufana nobeLanga kodwa mancane, cishe ngobukhulu boMhlaba. Akhanya ngokukhanya okumhlophe ngenxa yokushisa okusele ezinqubweni zangaphambilini zokuhlanganiswa futhi apholile kancane kancane ukuze abe ama-dwarf amnyama afiphele eminyakeni eyizigidigidi.
Inkanyezi ye-Neutron
Inkanyezi ye-neutron iyinsalela ye-supernova ewile yaba yinto exinene kakhulu futhi ehlangene. Izinkanyezi ze-neutron zakha lapho umongo wenkanyezi enkulu udilika, futhi ama-proton nama-electron ahlangana ukwakha ama-neutron. Anesisindo esikhulu kuneLanga kodwa angamakhilomitha angama-20 kuphela ububanzi. Izinkanyezi ze-neutron zixinene kakhulu; ithisipuni lezinto zenkanyezi ye-neutron lingasinda izigidigidi zamathani. Futhi zinamasimu kazibuthe anamandla kakhulu futhi zingajikeleza ngokushesha okukhulu, zikhiphe imisebe yomsakazo noma ye-X eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-pulsars.
Umgodi omnyama
Imigodi emnyama ingumphumela wokuvela kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu ngemva kokuba seziphenduke i-supernova. Uma ingaphakathi lenkanyezi ewayo linesisindo esanele, amandla adonsela phansi azodonsa yonke into ibe yindawo enobuningi obungenamkhawulo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-singularity. Akukho lutho olungaphunyuka amandla adonsela phansi embobeni emnyama, ngisho nokukhanya. Imigodi emnyama ivame ukuzungezwa amadiski okukhula kwezinto ajikelezayo ngokushesha, futhi angakhiqiza amajethi anamandla anamandla.
Inkanyezi Eguquguqukayo
Inkanyezi eguquguqukayo yinkanyezi ebhekana nezinguquko eziqhubekayo noma ezingahleliwe ekukhanyeni. Lezi zinguquko zingabangelwa yizici eziningana, njengokuqhuma kwezinkanyezi (inkanyezi eyanda futhi incipha), inkanyezi edla izinto ezivela enkanyezini ehambisana nayo, noma inkanyezi eshintsha izingqimba zayo zangaphandle. Izibonelo zezinkanyezi eziguquguqukayo yizinkanyezi zeCepheid, ukukhanya kwazo okuhlobene nesikhathi sazo sokuqhuma futhi zisetshenziswa njengekhandlela elijwayelekile lokukala amabanga endaweni yonke.
Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkanyezi endaweni yonke ziwubufakazi bokuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kanye nobunzima bezinto zasemkhathini. Kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezibomvu ezipholile nezisencane kuya ezinkanyezini ze-neutron ezingavamile kanye nemigodi emnyama engaqondakali, lezi zinkanyezi zisisizile ukuqonda ngokujulile izinqubo ezakha indawo yonke yethu. Ukufunda izinkanyezi akunikezi ukuqonda kuphela ngemijikelezo yazo yokuphila kodwa futhi nangemvelaphi yamakhemikhali akha amaplanethi, izinkanyezi, ngisho nokuphila uqobo.
