Haumea kanye Makemake in Astronomy
Phakathi kobubanzi obukhulu beSistimu Yelanga, kunemihlaba emincane ezulazula kude kakhulu nomjikelezo weNeptune. Le mihlaba ayaziwa kakhulu njengamaplanethi amakhulu njengeJupiter noma iSaturn, kodwa iphethe izinkomba ezibalulekile ngomlando wokuqala wokwakheka kweSistimu Yelanga. Amabili alawa yiHaumea neMakemake, ahlukaniswa njengamaplanethi amafushane. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane, womabili abe yizinto zokufunda ngezinkanyezi zanamuhla ngenxa yezici zawo zomzimba ezihlukile, ukujikeleza okukhulu, kanye nendima yawo ekuqondeni inani lezinto zasezulwini esifundeni saseKuiper Belt.
Amaplanethi ama-dwarf kanye nomongo we-Kuiper Belt
Igama elithi iplanethi encane laduma kakhulu ngemuva kwesinqumo sika-2006 se-International Astronomical Union (IAU), esashintsha nesimo sePluto ngo-2006. Kalula nje, iplanethi encane iyindikimba yasezulwini ejikeleza iLanga, enkulu ngokwanele ukuba cishe ibe yindilinga (ngokulingana kwe-hydrostatic), kodwa hhayi "ekususeni" ezinye izinto endaweni yayo ezungezile. I-Haumea ne-Makemake zitholakala e-Kuiper Belt, isifunda esinezinkulungwane zezinto ezibandayo nezinamatshe ezasala ekwakhiweni kweSistimu Yelanga eminyakeni engaba yizigidigidi ezingu-4,6 edlule.
I-Kuiper Belt isebenza “njengengobo yomlando yendawo yonke.” Ngenxa yokuthi ikude kakhulu neLanga, izinto lapho azishintshanga kangako uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziseduze neLanga. Ukuqonda i-Haumea ne-Makemake kusho ukulandelela umlando wokwakheka kwamaplanethi, ukufuduka kweplanethi enkulu, kanye nokuguquguquka kokushayisana okwabumba isakhiwo seSistimu Yelanga yangaphandle.
I-Haumea: iplanethi encane enomumo oyingqayizivele
I-Haumea ingenye yamaplanethi amancane angavamile kakhulu aziwayo. Yatholakala ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 (ngesimemezelo sokutholakala kwalokhu kwavusa impikiswano emphakathini wezinkanyezi), futhi kamuva yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Haumea, ngemuva kukankulunkulukazi waseHawaii wokuzala nokubeletha. Leli gama lakhethwa ngenxa yokwanda kwe-Haumea—yaziwa ukuthi inamasathelayithi kanye nomndeni wezingcezu okucatshangwa ukuthi zivela ezenzakalweni zomthelela.
Into ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngeHaumea ukuma kwayo. Ngokungafani namaplanethi amaningi amafushane, avame ukuba yindilinga, iHaumea ibunjwe njengebhola le-rugby noma i-ellipsoid ende. Lesi simo esibi kakhulu sibangelwa ukujikeleza kwayo okusheshayo kakhulu. IHaumea ijikeleza ngokushesha kunezinye amaplanethi amafushane, okubangela amandla e-centrifugal ukuba abangele ukuthi "iqhume" kwezinye izingxenye futhi inwebe kwezinye. Ku-astronomy, lesi simo sisebenza njengesibonelo sendlela ukujikeleza okungathinta ngayo ibhalansi yesimo somzimba wasezulwini.
Ngaphezu kokwakheka kwayo, iHaumea yaziwa nangokuthi inezindandatho—isici esivame ukuhlotshaniswa namaplanethi amakhulu njengeSaturn. Ukutholakala kwezindandatho eHaumea kwaba isimanga ngoba kusikisela ukuthi izinhlelo zezindandatho azizona ezeplanethi ezinkulu kuphela. Lezi zindandatho kungenzeka ukuthi zakhiwe ngezinto ezikhishwa ukushayisana noma umsebenzi oguquguqukayo ozungeze iHaumea, yize inqubo eqondile isazotholakala.
Amasathelayithi kanye “nomndeni wakwaHaumea”
IHaumea inezinyanga okungenani ezimbili ezaziwayo, iHiʻiaka neNamaka. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinyanga kuvumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukubala isisindo seHaumea futhi zilinganisele ukwakheka kwayo. Ngokusekelwe ekulinganisweni kobukhulu nobukhulu, iHaumea kucatshangwa ukuthi inokuqukethwe kwedwala okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zeKuiper Belt, kodwa ubuso bayo bangaphandle bubonakala sengathi buqukethe kakhulu iqhwa lamanzi.
Okunye okutholwe okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuba khona kweqembu lezinto e-Kuiper Belt ezinemizila yazo kanye nezici ze-spectral ezifana neze-Haumea. Leli qembu livame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umndeni wakwaHaumea," okufana nomqondo wemindeni yama-asteroid e-Asteroid Belt. Umbono ohamba phambili ukuthi lo mndeni wakhiwa ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu esikhathini esidlule, owaphula ingxenye yezendlalelo zangaphandle ze-Haumea futhi wathumela izingcezu emizuliswaneni efanayo. Uma kuyiqiniso, lokhu kunganikeza ubufakazi bokuthi imithelela emikhulu nayo idlala indima ebalulekile eSimisweni Selanga sangaphandle, hhayi nje ebhandeni lama-asteroid eduze ne-Mars ne-Jupiter.
I-Makemake: umhlaba obandayo onobuntu obuhlukile
I-Makemake yatholakala ngo-2005 futhi yaqanjwa ngegama likankulunkulu womdali ngokwesiko leRapa Nui (Easter Island). Idume ngokuba ngenye yezinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezatholakala eKuiper Belt, ngemuva kukaPluto no-Eris. Nakuba i-Haumea iphawuleka ngesimo sayo nokujikeleza kwayo, i-Makemake ivelele ngokukhanya kwayo kanye nokwakheka kwayo okuthakazelisayo kobuso.
Ubuso beMakemake bubonisa izimpawu ze-methane eqandisiwe kanye nezinye iqhwa. Le methane engaphezulu yenza iMakemake ikhanye kakhulu, okwenza ibonakale ikhanya kakhulu kunezinye izinto ezifanayo. Kwabachwepheshe bezinkanyezi, lokhu kwakheka kubalulekile ngoba kubonisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Ukusebenzisana kwemisebe yelanga (nakuba ibuthakathaka ebangeni le-Kuiper Belt) kanye nezinhlayiya zamandla aphezulu ezivela esikhaleni esiphakathi kwezinkanyezi kungaguqula iqhwa libe izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwakha izendlalelo ezimnyama ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-tholin ebusweni bezinto ezibandayo.
I-Makemake nayo yayiyimfihlakalo ngoba kwase kuyisikhathi eside ingaziwa ukuthi inazo yini iziphuphutheki. Kodwa-ke, kwatholakala isathelayithi encane (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-MK2 ezincwadini zakuqala). Ukuba khona kwale sathelayithi kwasiza ekulungiseni izilinganiso zobukhulu kanye nobuningi be-Makemake, okwabe sekucacisa isithombe sokwakheka kwayo ngaphakathi: ingxube yeqhwa nedwala ngezilinganiso ezithile.
Isimo sezulu: kungani sihlukile?
Omunye wemibuzo ethakazelisayo ngamaplanethi amafushane e-Kuiper Belt ukuthi ngabe anazo yini izinkanyezi. I-Pluto inomoya omncane kodwa ohlukile we-nitrogen, kanti i-Makemake ibonakala ingenawo umoya womhlaba wonke ojiyile, okungenani hhayi njenge-Pluto. Esinye isizathu umehluko ngobukhulu, izinga lokushisa lobuso, kanye nekhono lamandla adonsela phansi lokubamba amagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkanyezi ezisemhlabeni okude zivame ukuba nezinkathi zonyaka: njengoba into isondela eLangeni ngomjikelezo wayo we-elliptical, iqhwa lingancibilika libe yigesi, lakhe umoya wesikhashana; njengoba lihamba, igesi liphinde liqine phezu komhlaba.
I-Haumea, enobuso bayo obufana neqhwa kanye nezici zayo ezihlukile, nayo ayaziwa ukuthi inomoya obalulekile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi “imindeni” yamaplanethi amancane ayihlali ifana; ngayinye inomlando ohlukile wokushisa, imithelela, kanye nokuvela kobuso.
Indima yeHaumea neMakemake kwisayensi yeplanethi yanamuhla
Ukufunda i-Haumea ne-Makemake kusiza izazi zezinkanyezi ukuphendula imibuzo ethile eyisisekelo:
1. Amaplanethi akheka kanjani?
Izinto ze-Kuiper Belt ziyizinsalela zezinto ezakha amaplanethi. Ukwakheka kwazo kusiza ekwakheni kabusha izimo zeSistimu Yelanga yasekuqaleni.
2. Kukangaki kwenzeka ukushayisana okukhulu ohlelweni lwangaphandle lwelanga?
Umndeni wezinkanyezi zikaHaumea ubonisa umthelela omkhulu okwazi ukuphazamisa, ukujikeleza, nokukhiqiza izingcezu.
3. Ubuso bento ebandayo buvela kanjani?
I-Methane kanye namakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi eMakemake, kanye neqhwa lamanzi eliyinhloko eHaumea, kunikeza izinkomba mayelana nokucutshungulwa kwemisebe kanye nezinguquko zamakhemikhali zesikhathi eside.
4. I-orbital dynamics ithinteka kanjani ngokufuduka kwamaplanethi amakhulu?
Imizila yezinto zeKuiper Belt ibonisa umlando wokufuduka kweNeptune kanye nokusebenzisana kwesikhathi eside kwamandla adonsela phansi.
Izinselele zokubuka kanye nekusasa locwaningo
Ngenxa yebanga lazo elikhulu, i-Haumea ne-Makemake kunzima ukuzifunda ngokuningiliziwe. Iningi ledatha livela kuma-telescope amakhulu eMhlabeni, ukubonwa kwe-infrared, kanye nezindlela ezifana ne-stellar occultation—lapho into idlula phambi kwenkanyezi bese ivimba ukukhanya kwayo okwesikhashana. Amasu okusebenzisa i-occultation asize ekulinganiseni usayizi we-Haumea, ukuma kwayo, ngisho nokubona amasongo.
Uma sibheka phambili, izizukulwane ezintsha zama-telescope kanye nemisebenzi yasemkhathini engaba khona eya e-Kuiper Belt kungathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu. Uma indiza efana ne-New Horizons ike yavakashela into elingana ne-Makemake noma i-Haumea, imininingwane yobuso bayo, i-geology, kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi ingase ivezwe ngokucacile kakhulu.
I-Penutup
I-Haumea ne-Makemake ziyizibonelo ezinamandla zokuthi i-Solar System ingaphezu nje kwamaplanethi ayisishiyagalombili amakhulu. Emaphethelweni amnyama, abandayo, la maplanethi amancane afakaza buthule ngezigaba zokuqala zokwakheka kwe-Solar System. I-Haumea iheha ngesimo sayo esingavamile, ukujikeleza okusheshayo, amasongo, kanye nomndeni wezingcezu. I-Makemake iyathakazelisa ngokukhanya kwayo kanye nokwakheka kweqhwa le-methane eliyingqayizivele. Zombili zithuthukisa ukuqonda kwezinkanyezi nge-dynamics, i-chemistry, kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezinto ezincane ohlelweni lwangaphandle lwe-Solar System—isifunda esinezimpendulo eziningi mayelana nemvelaphi yomhlaba wethu.
