Ingabe Indawo Yonke Iyaqhubeka Yanda?
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bebelokhu bekhangwa ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku futhi bebezibuza ngesimo sendawo yonke. Ingabe indawo yonke yethu inomngcele? Ungakanani ubukhulu bayo? Ingabe ayiguquki noma iyahamba? Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi, ikakhulukazi ku-astrophysics, i-astronomy, kanye ne-cosmology, sesiqala ukuthola izimpendulo zale mibuzo. Omunye wemibuzo ejulile kakhulu uthi: ingabe indawo yonke iyaqhubeka nokukhula noma cha?
Ukutholwa Okubalulekile: Ukwanda Kwendawo Yonke
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inkolelo eyayivelele phakathi kososayensi kwakuwukuthi indawo yonke yayingashintshi futhi ingunaphakade. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwashintsha ngokutholakala kuka-Edwin Hubble ngo-1929. Esebenzisa i-telescope yaseMount Wilson eCalifornia, uHubble waphawula ukuthi imithala engaphesheya kweMilky Way yayisuka kithi, futhi lapho umthala uqhelelana, wawushesha kakhulu. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi “uMthetho kaHubble,” ovezwa yi-equation elula: \(v = H_0 \times d\). Lapho \(v\) kuyijubane lokwehla kwamandla omthala, \(d\) ibanga lomthala, kanye \(H_0\) "okungaguquki kweHubble."
Lokhu kutholwa kunikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi indawo yonke ayimi ndawonye, kodwa iyanda. Uma besingabuyisela emuva isikhathi, besizothola ukuthi yonke into esendaweni yonke—zonke izinkanyezi, umthala, kanye neplanethi—yake yagxila endaweni eyodwa, exinene kakhulu futhi eshisayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi “iBig Bang.”
Indlela Yokuthuthukisa
Ukwanda kwendawo yonke akubangelwa ukuthi imithala isuka esikhungweni esisodwa. Kunalokho, yindawo ngokwayo ekhulayo, ephethe imithala nayo. Lesi simo singaqhathaniswa namagilebhisi enhlama yesinkwa ekhuphukayo: njengoba inhlama ikhuphuka, wonke amagilebhisi ayasuka komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umqapheli kunoma yimuphi umthala angabona eminye imithala isuka, njengokungathi isesikhungweni sokwanda.
Ubufakazi Bentuthuko
Ngaphandle koMthetho kaHubble, kunenqwaba yobufakazi obusekela inkolelo-mbono yokwanda kwendawo yonke. Ubufakazi obunye obuqinile yi-cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), eyatholwa okokuqala ngu-Arno Penzias noRobert Wilson ngo-1965. I-CMB iyi-radiation esele evela ku-Big Bang futhi isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke indawo yonke. Lokhu kuqaphela kusekela inkolelo-mbono yokuthi indawo yonke ekuqaleni yayishisa kakhulu futhi iminyene, yabe isinwebeka futhi iphola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Okunye okuqashelwayo okusekela inkolelo-mbono yokwanda yizakhiwo ezinkulu endaweni yonke: amaqoqo emithala kanye namaqoqo amakhulu. Imodeli yokwanda ibikezela ukwakheka kwalezi zakhiwo kusukela ekushintsheni okuncane kobuningi bezinto endaweni yonke yokuqala, futhi ukuqashelwa kwendawo kuze kube manje kuyahambisana nale modeli.
Amandla Amnyama: Umshayeli Wentuthuko
Okunye okutholwe okujabulisayo ukuthi ukwanda kwendawo yonke akwenzeki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi kuyashesha. Lokhu kwaqala ukutholwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 ngokubuka uhlobo lwe-supernovae lwe-Ia—izinkanyezi eziqhuma ngokukhanya okukhulu kakhulu. Amaqembu amabili azimele, i-Supernova Cosmology Project kanye ne-High-z Supernova Search Team, athole ukuthi i-supernovae ekude kakhulu yayibuthakathaka kunalokho obekulindelwe, okubonisa ukuthi indawo yonke yayisanda kukhula ngokushesha.
Incazelo eyamukelwa kabanzi yalokhu kwanda okusheshayo ukuba khona “kwamandla amnyama,” uhlobo lwamandla olubusa amandla amakhulu endaweni yonke futhi lusebenzisana ngamandla adonsela phansi. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo oluqondile lwamandla amnyama luhlala lungenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu kakhulu kwifiziksi yanamuhla.
Imodeli Yendawo Yonke Yesikhathi Esizayo
Uma sibheka amaqiniso, yini esingayibikezela ngekusasa lendawo yonke? Ososayensi bacabangela izimo eziningana ezingaba khona:
1. I-Big Rip: Uma amandla amnyama eqhubeka nokusheshisa ukwanda kwendawo yonke, hhayi imithala kuphela, kodwa nama-athomu nezinhlayiya ezincane ze-athomu zizoqhekeka, emcimbini owaziwa ngokuthi i-“Big Rip.”
2. Ukuqandisa Okukhulu: Enye indlela “ukwanda okuphakade,” lapho indawo yonke iqhubeka nokukhula nokuphola, kuze kube yilapho izinkanyezi ziphela futhi konke kuphelela esimweni sokubanda, esimnyama, esaziwa ngokuthi “ukuqandisa Okukhulu” noma “ukufa kokushisa.”
3. I-Big Crunch: Kukhona futhi isimo lapho ukwanda kungaphenduka kube ukufinyela, okuholela "ekufinyeleni okukhulu" - indawo yonke ibuyela endaweni eyodwa.
4. I-Universe Eshintshashintshayo: Kulesi simo, indawo yonke ingaba nemijikelezo ephindaphindwayo yokwanda nokuncipha.
Kodwa-ke, okubonwe njengamanje kusikisela ukuthi amandla amnyama cishe azoqhubeka nokubusa, okubonisa ukuthi "i-Big Freeze" yisimo esingenzeka kakhulu.
Imibuzo Engaphendulwanga
Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni kwethu indawo yonke ekhulayo, imibuzo eminingi isalokhu ingaphendulwa. Uhlobo lwamandla amnyama, ukuthi indawo yonke yaqala kanjani nge-Big Bang, nokuthi ikhona yini i-multiverse noma cha, kumane nje kuyizindawo ezimbalwa zocwaningo olusebenzayo.
Isiphetho
Umqondo wokwanda kwendawo yonke ushintshe kakhulu i-cosmology kanye nefilosofi. Kusukela ekubonweni kuka-Edwin Hubble kuya ekutholakaleni kwemisebe yangemuva ye-microwave yendawo yonke kanye nokutadisha amandla amnyama, bonke ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi indawo yonke yethu iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Nakuba kusasele izimfihlakalo eziningi ezisazoxazululwa, isinyathelo ngasinye esiqhubekela phambili ekuqondeni kwethu sivula ifasitela elisha eliya eqinisweni elibanzi nelijulile lendawo yonke.
Lolu lwazi alugcini nje ngokwanelisa ilukuluku lesayensi kodwa futhi luthinta izingqikithi ezijulile mayelana nemvelaphi kanye nesiphetho sendawo yonke. Ngomqondo othile, ukutadisha indawo yonke kuwuhambo lwabantu lokuqonda indawo yethu endaweni yonke enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi, umsebenzi ongase uqhubeke uma nje kusenezinkanyezi ezizokhanyisa isibhakabhaka sethu sasebusuku.
