Imibono Yamasiko Athandwayo Ku-Anthropology
Isiko elidumile seliyisici esibalulekile ezifundweni zesimanje ze-anthropology. Simelela uhla olubanzi lwezimo ezithonya futhi ezithonywa umphakathi kabanzi, isiko elidumile lihlanganisa izihloko eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa umculo, amafilimu, imfashini, imidlalo yevidiyo, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nokuningi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola eminye yemibono ebalulekile ku-anthropology esetshenziswa ukuqonda nokuhlaziya izenzakalo zesiko elidumile.
1. Ithiyori Yokubusa kanye Namasiko Athandwayo
Enye yezinkolelo-mbono ezibalulekile ekuqondeni isiko elidumile yinkolelo-mbono yobukhosi eyethulwa ngu-Antonio Gramsci. Ngokusho kukaGramsci, ubukhosi yinqubo lapho iqembu elithile lezenhlalo libusa khona amanye amaqembu, hhayi nje ngamandla kodwa nangokuvuma kanye nethonya lemibono. Ngokomongo wesiko elidumile, inkolelo-mbono yobukhosi ichaza indlela isiko elibusayo eligcina ngayo amandla alo ngokulawula ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwesiko.
Isiko elidumile livame ukulawulwa amaqembu akhethekile anamandla okuchaza izindinganiso zamasiko nezindinganiso ezibhekwa njengezisebenzayo. Isibonelo, izimboni ezinkulu zokuzijabulisa njengeHollywood zinethonya elikhulu kulokho okubhekwa "njengokuthandwayo" emhlabeni jikelele. Imikhiqizo yamasiko ekhiqizwa yila maqembu akhethekile ayigcini nje ngokuzijabulisa kodwa futhi isakaza izindinganiso ezithile nemibono ehambisana nezintshisekelo zawo.
2. Imfundiso YamaMarxian kanye Namasiko Abathengi
UKarl Marx waphakamisa ukuthi imiphakathi yakhiwe yizakhiwo zayo zomnotho, nokuthi izakhiwo ezinkulu zemibono, okuhlanganisa namasiko, ziyisibonakaliso saleyo ngqalasizinda yezomnotho. Ngokomongo wesiko elidumile, inkolelo-mbono kaMarxian inikeza ukuqonda kokuthi ubungxowankulu buthonya kanjani ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamasiko.
Emiphakathini yobungxowankulu, isiko elidumile livame ukuthengiswa, lapho izinto zamasiko ziguqulwa zibe yizimpahla ezithengiswayo. Umculo, amafilimu, imfashini, ngisho nobunikazi bamasiko kuyapakishwa futhi kuthengiswe kubathengi. Le nqubo yokuthengiswa ivame ukugcizelela inani lokushintshana ngaphezu kwenani lokusetshenziswa, okuthonya indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo futhi bahlangabezane ngayo nesiko elidumile.
Izazi zemfundiso kaMarxian kwezemfundo yabantu nazo zihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwamasiko nesigaba sezenhlalo. Isibonelo, uPierre Bourdieu, isazi sezenhlalo kanye nesazi sezenhlalo, wathuthukisa imiqondo 'ye-habitus' kanye 'ne-cultural capital' ukuchaza ukuthi isigaba sezenhlalo sithonya kanjani ukunambitheka kobuhle bomuntu kanye nemikhuba yamasiko. UBourdieu waphikisana ngokuthi izintandokazi zamasiko azizalwa nazo, kodwa zithonywa yindawo yomuntu yezenhlalo neyezomnotho.
3. Ithiyori Yangemva Kwesimanje kanye Nokuhlukana Kwamasiko
Ithiyori ye-Postmodernist inikeza umbono ohlukile ngamasiko athandwayo ngokugcizelela ubuningi, ukuhlukana, kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezindaba ezinkulu. I-Postmodernism iyawenqaba umqondo wokuthi indaba eyodwa ingachaza konke okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Ngokomongo wamasiko athandwayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho "qiniso" elilodwa noma "into evamile" engachaza isiko ngokwalo.
I-Postmodernism igcizelela nokubaluleka kokulingisa kanye nokungokoqobo okukhulu, imiqondo eyethulwe nguJean Baudrillard. UBaudrillard waphikisana ngokuthi emphakathini we-postmodern, ukumelwa kanye nezimpawu kuvame ukuba 'ngokoqobo' kakhulu kuneqiniso elingokoqobo uqobo. Isibonelo, isiko losaziwayo emphakathini wanamuhla livame ukusekelwe kakhulu ezithombeni nasezimemezelweni zabezindaba kunasezimpilweni zangempela zabantu.
Isiko elidumile kumongo we-postmodernism livame ukuba nokukhetha okuningi kanye nokuxubana, okusho ukuthi izinto ezivela ezizindeni ezahlukene zamasiko nezomlando zivame ukuhlanganiswa futhi zisetshenziswe kabusha ngezindlela ezintsha nezimangalisayo. Lokhu kungabonakala emfashinini, emculweni, kanye nasezindleleni zemidiya, ezivame ukuboleka izinto ezivela emasikweni ahlukahlukene bese zihlanganiswa zibe yinto entsha neyingqayizivele.
4. Ithiyori Yabesifazane kanye Namasiko Athandwayo
Ithiyori yabesifazane kwezemfundo yabantu iqokomisa indlela ubulili namandla obudlelwano phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane obumelelwa futhi bugcinwa ngayo emasikweni athandwayo. Isiko elidumile livame ukuba yindawo yokulwa lapho imibono ngobulili kanye nobulili ikhiqizwa, ixoxiswane futhi iphikiswana khona.
Abesifazane bakudala abanjengoSimone de Beauvoir, kanye nabafundisi bemibono yesimanje abanjengoJudith Butler, bahlole ukuthi imibono ephambene ngobulili ivame ukuqiniswa kanjani ngemidiya ethandwayo. Amafilimu, ithelevishini, ukukhangisa, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana zivame ukuqhubekisela phambili izithombe zendabuko zobudoda kanye nobufazi ezikhawulela izindima zomphakathi ezingadlalwa ngabesilisa nabesifazane.
Kodwa-ke, inkolelo-mbono yabesifazane iphinde ikhombise amandla esiko elidumile njengethuluzi lokumelana nokunika amandla. Amasiko amaningi amancane kanye nezinhlangano ngaphakathi kwesiko elidumile ziphonsela inselelo izindinganiso zobulili futhi zidala isikhala sobunikazi bobulili obuhlukahlukene nobuhlanganisayo. Umculo we-punk, ukunyakaza komzimba okuhle, kanye nokumelwa kobulili okungeyona into ephindwe kabili kwabezindaba kuyizibonelo ezimbalwa zendlela isiko elidumile elingaba ngayo imoto yokushintsha komphakathi.
5. Ithiyori Yomhlaba Wonke kanye Namasiko Ahlanganisiwe
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuyinqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho, ezepolitiki kanye namasiko okunamandla emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesimo samasiko athandwayo, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kudale isiko elixubile kakhulu, lapho izakhi ezivela emasikweni ahlukene zixhumana futhi zithonyana.
Ithiyori yokusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke ku-anthropology iqokomisa ukuthi lokhu kushintshana kwamasiko okuwela imingcele kuvame ukungalingani, lapho isiko elibusayo lezizwe ezithuthukile, njenge-United States, livame ukubusa nokuguqula amasiko endawo emazweni asathuthuka. Lokhu kuvame ukubhekwa njengohlobo olusha lobukoloniyali bamasiko noma ubukhosi bamasiko.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kudala namathuba ezidalwa zamasiko eziyinkimbinkimbi nezixubile. Isibonelo, umculo we-K-pop, ohlanganisa izinto zomculo waseNtshonalanga namasiko omculo waseKorea, usuyinto yomhlaba wonke, obonisa ukuthi isiko elidumile lingathuthuka futhi liguquke kanjani esimweni somhlaba wonke. Esinye isibonelo amafilimu aseBollywood, ahlanganisa izinto zaseHollywood ngenkathi egcina ubuwena obuhlukile besiko .
Ekuphetheni, imibono emikhulu ku-anthropology efana ne-hegemony, i-Marxian theory, i-postmodernism, i-feminism, kanye ne-globalization inikeza izinhlaka ezahlukahlukene nezicebile zokuqonda isiko elidumile. Ithiyori ngayinye inikeza ukuqonda okuhlukile kokuthi isiko elidumile likhiqizwa kanjani, lisetshenziswa kanjani, futhi lithonywe kanjani yizimo zenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezepolitiki kanye nezomlando. Ngakho-ke, ukutadisha isiko elidumile akugcini nje ngokunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwezimo zansuku zonke kodwa futhi kuholela ekuhlaziyweni okubucayi kwezakhiwo zamandla nezinqubo zokushintsha komphakathi.
