I-Anthropology Yezilwane kanye Nobudlelwano Phakathi Kwabantu Nezilwane
I-Pengantar
I-anthropology yezilwane iyigatsha lesayensi elavela ku-anthropology kanye ne-ethology (isifundo sokuziphatha kwezilwane), sihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane. Ihlose ukuqonda ukuthi ukusebenzisana nezilwane kuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwabantu, isiko kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ucwaningo kulo mkhakha lwembula izici zokuphila kwabantu ezazinganakwa noma ezinganakwa ngaphambilini kanye nobudlelwano nezilwane kuzo zonke izimo zamasiko nezomlando ezahlukahlukene.
Indima Yezilwane Ekuphileni Komuntu
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane bube yingxenye ebalulekile ekusindeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko. Abantu bathembele ezilwaneni ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene, njengokudla, izingubo, ezokuthutha, kanye nezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ziyingxenye yezinganekwane, izimpawu, kanye nengokomoya emasikweni ahlukahlukene. Isizwe noma umphakathi ngamunye unendlela yawo ehlukile yokuhlonipha, ukusebenzisa, kanye nokuxhumana nezilwane, okubonisa ubuntu bazo obujulile.
Isiko Nenkolo
Emasikweni amaningi, izilwane zidlala indima ebalulekile engokomfanekiso. Isibonelo, eGibhithe lasendulo, amakati ayehlonishwa futhi ekhulekelwa njengomfanekiso kankulunkulukazi uBastet. Okwamanje, eNdiya, izinkomo zibhekwa njengezingcwele kubuHindu. Ukuba khona kwezilwane emikhosini yenkolo kubonisa ukuthi abantu abazibheki njengezinsiza kuphela kodwa futhi njengezidalwa ezinenani elingokomoya.
Izazi ze-anthropology ezifana noClaude Lévi-Strauss noMary Douglas zibonise ukuthi izimpawu zezilwane zisiza kanjani ekwakheni imingcele yokuziphatha neyomphakathi yomphakathi. Ukuhlonza izilwane ezithile nonkulunkulu noma imimoya evikelayo kusikisela ukuthi izilwane zingahlanganisa noma zihlukanise amaqembu omphakathi ngokusekelwe ezinkolelweni nasezindinganisweni zawo ezihlangene.
Izilwane Ezinganekwaneni Nasezincwadini
Izilwane zivame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni nasezincwadini zamasiko ahlukahlukene. Abalingiswa bezilwane ezinganekwaneni, ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni basetshenziswa ukudlulisa izimfundiso zokuziphatha nezefilosofi. Indaba yenyamazane yegundane ehlakaniphile e-Indonesia, impisi ezinganekwaneni zika-Aesop, noma udrako ezinganekwaneni zaseShayina ziyizibonelo ezimbalwa zendlela izilwane ezisebenza ngayo njengemizila yemiyalezo yokuziphatha namasiko.
Ezincwadini zanamuhla, izilwane zivame ukusebenza njengezingathekiso zokwembula imvelo yomuntu kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi. Izincwadi ezifana ne-"Animal Farm" kaGeorge Orwell kanye ne-"Moby Dick" kaHerman Melville zinikeza ukuqonda ngobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabantu nezilwane, ziqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla, ukubusa, kanye nomusa wemvelo.
Izilwane Kwezomnotho Nakwezenhlalakahle
Ngokomlando, izilwane zidlale indima ebalulekile kwezolimo kanye nomnotho wekhaya. Imfuyo kanye nokudoba kusekela izigidi zemindeni emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane nazo zibe nesandla ezinguqukweni zomnotho zesifunda nezomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, ukufuywa kwamahhashi namakamela kwenze kwaba nokuhamba okukhulu kanye nokuhweba phakathi kwezifunda.
Ngaphandle kwezidingo zomnotho, izilwane nazo zinikeza inhlalakahle kanye nokusekelwa ngokomzwelo. Izinja zokulandelela, amahhashi okwelapha, kanye nezinye izilwane zisiza abantu ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila kwabo, kusukela ekuphepheni kuya ekwelashweni ngokomzwelo.
Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nokuhlaliswa Kwasekhaya
Inqubo yokufuya izilwane yayingeyona indlela eya ohlangothini olulodwa lapho abantu kuphela ababezivumelanisa nezimo. Le nqubo yathinta nokuvela kwezilwane ngokwazo. Izinja, amakati, izinkomo, izimvu, nezingulube, isibonelo, ziye zabhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu zofuzo kanye nokuziphatha ngenxa yokuxhumana nabantu eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule.
Izazi ze-anthropology kanye nezazi zezakhi zofuzo zithole ukuthi inqubo yokufuya izilwane iguqula izakhi zofuzo ukuze zibe mnene futhi zifanelekele kangcono izidingo zabantu. Ucwaningo lwamuva luphinde lusikisele ukuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu nezilwane ezifuywayo kuthinta ukuvela komuntu ngokomzimba nangokwezinzwa.
Ukuziphatha Kwezilwane Namalungelo
Izingxoxo ngamalungelo ezilwane ziye zaba zibaluleke kakhulu njengoba ukuqwashisa umphakathi ngokuhlupheka kwezilwane ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kukhula. I-anthropology yezilwane idlale indima ekuhloleni imibono yokuziphatha ngokuphathwa kwezilwane ngabantu. Izishoshovu nezazi ezifana noPeter Singer ziye zasekela umbono wokuthi izilwane, njengabantu, zinelungelo lokukhululeka ekuhluphekeni okungadingekile.
Inhlalakahle yezilwane akuyona nje into ekhathazayo ngokuziphatha kodwa futhi ithinta nomthelela wayo empilweni yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo sisonke. Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa kanye nokuqiniswa okungcono kwemithetho yasemadolobheni yezilwane zasekhaya kubonisa imizamo yokuthola ibhalansi efanele phakathi kwezidingo zabantu namalungelo ezilwane.
Ukuzibandakanya Ocwaningweni Lwesayensi
Ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni lwesayensi bekulokhu kuyisihloko esiphikisanayo. Nakuba iminikelo yazo ekutholakaleni kwezokwelapha nesayensi ingenakuphikwa, ukuxhashazwa nokuhlupheka kwezilwane ekuhlolweni kuye kwavusa impikiswano ejulile yokuziphatha. Izikhungo nososayensi kudingeka balandele izinqubo zokuziphatha eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izilwane ziphathwa ngenhlonipho nokuthi imiphumela yocwaningo ihambisana nenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Ikusasa Le-Anthropology Yezilwane
I-anthropology yezilwane iletha intuthuko entsha kanye nezinselele ekuqondeni ubudlelwano babantu nezilwane. Ushintsho lwezemvelo, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, njengobunjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-CRISPR, kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlotsheni zokusebenzelana esinazo nezilwane. Izinselelo zesikhathi esizayo zifaka phakathi ukwakha izinqubomgomo ezilinganayo nezisimeme zenhlalakahle yabantu nezilwane kanye nokuqonda ukuthi ushintsho lwesimo sezulu luthinta kanjani izinhlobo nezindawo zazo zokuhlala.
I-Penutup
I-anthropology yezilwane inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi ukusebenzisana nezilwane kubumba kanjani isiko lethu kanye nobuntu bethu, kuyilapho futhi kusiphonsela inselelo yokucabanga ngokujulile ngokuziphatha kwethu kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo kwezinye izidalwa. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo, singakha umphakathi onozwela nolungile, lapho abantu nezilwane bengaphila khona ngokuvumelana. Lolu lwazi alugcini nje ngokucebisa ukuqonda kwethu ngesikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi lunikeza isiqondiso sekusasa elinomusa nelihlakaniphe kakhudlwana.
