Ithiyori Yobuhlanga Nobuzwe ku-Anthropology
Ingxoxo ngohlanga nobuzwe ingenye yezihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu—futhi ezibucayi kakhulu—ku-anthropology. I-anthropology, njengesayensi efunda abantu ngezici zabo zebhayoloji, zenhlalo, kanye namasiko, inomlando omude wokufunda umehluko wabantu. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhakha uphinde washintsha kakhulu: kusukela esikhathini lapho umqondo “wohlanga” wawusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa abantu ngokwezigaba, kuya endleleni yesimanje egcizelela ukuthi uhlanga luqondwa kangcono njengokwakhiwa komphakathi , kuyilapho ubuzwe buqondwa njengobunikazi obuguquguqukayo bezenhlalo namasiko.
1. Uhlanga: Kusukela Esigabeni Sezinto Eziphilayo Kuya Ekwakhekeni Komphakathi
Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, imibono yaseYurophu mayelana nohlanga yavela kanye nobukoloniyali, ukwanda kombuso, kanye nokukhula kwesayensi yesimanje. Ososayensi ngaleso sikhathi bahlukanisa abantu ngokusekelwe ezicini zomzimba ezifana nombala wesikhumba, ukuma kwekhanda, noma ukuthungwa kwezinwele. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakuvame ukungakhethi hlangothi kodwa kwakunezinsolo zezepolitiki: uhlanga lwalusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ubugqila, ukubusa kwamakoloniyali, kanye nokungalingani komphakathi.
Ku-anthropology yasekuqaleni, kwavela isiko le-anthropometry—ukulinganisa umzimba womuntu—elihlanganisa umehluko wezinto eziphilayo nezimangalo mayelana nokuhlakanipha kweqembu, ukuziphatha, noma “ukuthuthuka.” Lo mkhuba wakha isisekelo salokho kamuva okwakuzobizwa ngokuthi ubandlululo lwesayensi. Nakuba kwakubhekwa njengesayensi ngaleso sikhathi, le ndlela manje iyaqondakala njengeyinkinga ngoba yayilinganisa ukuhlukahluka ngokomzimba nezimfanelo zengqondo noma amakhono omphakathi, naphezu kobufakazi obuqinile besayensi obungasekeli ukuxhumana okunjalo.
Intuthuko kwezakhi zofuzo ekhulwini lama-20 nelama-21 iqinise ukugxekwa komqondo wohlanga njengesigaba esiqinile sezinto eziphilayo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukwehluka kwezakhi zofuzo zabantu kukhulu ngaphakathi kwamaqembu abhekwa "njengezinhlanga" kunaphakathi kwawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imingcele yobuhlanga ayicaci ngokwezakhi zofuzo. Umehluko ongokomzimba ukhona, kodwa awakhi amaphakheji ahlukile ezakhi zofuzo njengoba kucatshangwa emcabangweni wakudala wohlanga.
Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology yanamuhla ivame ukubuka uhlanga njengokwakhiwa komphakathi: isigaba esakhiwe, esigcinwayo, nesinikezwe incazelo ngomlando, ezombusazwe, kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. Uhlanga “lusebenza” emphakathini—oluthinta ukufinyelela emfundweni, emisebenzini, ekuphepheni, nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo—naphezu kokuntuleka kwalo isisekelo esiqinile sebhayoloji njengohlelo lwabantu.
2. Ubuzwe: Ubunikazi Besiko Obuhlobene Nobuguquguqukayo
Ngokungafani nohlanga, oluvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezici zomzimba, uhlanga luvame ukubhekisela ekuziboneni kweqembu okuhlobene nezakhi zamasiko njengolimi, amasiko, umlando, inkolo, amasiko, kanye nomuzwa wemvelaphi efanayo. Kodwa-ke, uhlanga aluguquki. Izazi eziningi ze-anthropology zigcizelela ukuthi uhlanga luyashintsha, lushintsha ngokwezimo zomphakathi, zomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki.
Omunye wabantu ababalulekile embonweni wobuzwe nguFredrik Barth, ikakhulukazi ngomqondo wakhe wemingcele yobuzwe. UBarth wagcizelela ukuthi okubalulekile ebuzweni akusikho ukuhlukaniswa okubonakalayo "kokuqukethwe kwamasiko," kodwa kunalokho imingcele yomphakathi ehlukanisa iqembu ngokuthi "thina" kanye "nabo." Le mingcele ingagcinwa ngisho nalapho izakhi zamasiko zishintsha. Ngamanye amazwi, amaqembu obuzwe awahlali ekhona ngoba isiko lawo alishintshi, kodwa ngenxa yezinqubo zomphakathi eziqinisekisa njalo umehluko kanye nobulungu.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, ubuzwe bungaba umthombo wobumbano, ukuziqhenya, kanye nokusekelwa komphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuzwe bungafakwa kwezepolitiki—isibonelo, emncintiswaneni wezinsiza, okhethweni, ezingxabanweni zamaqembu, noma ezinqubweni zobunikazi. Emongweni wezizwe zanamuhla, ubuzwe buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga zabantu abambalwa, ukufuduka, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuqashelwa kwamalungelo amasiko.
3. Imibono Emikhulu Yobuhlanga Nobuzwe
Ku-anthropology kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo ebanzi, kunezindlela eziningana zemfundiso yokuqonda uhlanga kanye nobuzwe:
a. Ukubusa Kwabantu Ngaphambi Kokuqala
Indlela yokuqala ibheka izibopho zobuzwe “njengezemvelo,” eziqinile, futhi ezisekelwe emvelaphi efanayo, igazi, izwe lakubo, noma amasiko adluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Lo mbono usiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ubuzwe kungazwakala kuthinta imizwa kakhulu futhi kujule kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-primordialism ivame ukugxekwa ngokuthambekela kwayo kokucabanga ubuzwe njengento ezinzile nengashintshi, yize ubufakazi obubonakalayo bubonisa ukuthi ubunikazi beqembu bungashintshwa.
b. Ubuciko bezinsimbi
I-Instrumentalism ibheka ubuzwe njengethuluzi elingasetshenziswa ukufeza imigomo ethile—isibonelo, ukuthola amandla ezepolitiki, inzuzo yezomnotho, noma ukuhlanganisa abantu abaningi. Kulo mbono, izikhulu zezombusazwe noma abaholi bomphakathi bangaqinisa ubuzwe ukuze bathole ukwesekwa. Ukugxekwa: ubuzwe abuyona nje “ithuluzi”; kubantu abaningi, buyisipiliyoni sempilo sangempela nesinenjongo.
c. Ukwakha
Ukwakha kabusha sekuyindlela evelele ku-anthropology yanamuhla. Kugcizelela ukuthi ubunikazi bobuhlanga nobuzwe buyakheka ngezinqubo zomlando, ukuxhumana komphakathi, izinqubomgomo zombuso, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla. Ukwakha kabusha akusho ukuthi ubunikazi "buyinkohliso," kodwa kunalokho kubonisa ukuthi bakhiwe futhi baxoxiswana. Ubuhlanga nobuzwe bungokoqobo emthonjeni wabo, yize izindlela ezakhiwe ngazo ziwumlando wezenhlalo.
d. Indlela Yezomnotho Yesakhiwo Nezepolitiki
Le ndlela ihlola indlela ubukhapitali, ubukoloni, kanye nezakhiwo zikahulumeni ezibumba ngayo izigaba zobuhlanga nezesizwe. Uhlanga kanye nohlanga kuqondwa ukuthi kuhlobene eduze nezinqubomgomo zabasebenzi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba, ukufuduka, kanye nentuthuko. Isibonelo, izigaba ezithile zohlanga zingase zihlotshaniswe nemisebenzi ethile, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, noma ukufinyelela okuhlukile kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Le ndlela igcizelela ukuthi ubuwena abuphathelene namasiko kuphela kodwa futhi buphathelene nokusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza.
4. Uhlanga, Ubuzwe, kanye Namandla: Izifundo Ezivela Emlandweni
I-Anthropology ifunda futhi esikhathini sayo esidlule. Ngesikhathi sobukoloniyali, ucwaningo oluthile lwe-anthropology lwasetshenziswa ukusekela ukuphathwa kwamakoloniyali. Izigaba "zesizwe," "uhlanga," noma "ezomdabu" ngezinye izikhathi zazisetshenziswa ukulawula abantu, ukunquma intela, noma ukunquma ukuthi obani ababebhekwa "njengabesimanje" nokuthi obani ababebhekwa "njengabendabuko."
Namuhla, izazi eziningi ze-anthropology zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzindla okubucayi (ukuzindla kabusha): ziqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwesayensi aluveli endaweni engenalutho, kodwa luhlala luhlangene namandla. Ngokucabanga okubucayi, i-anthropology ifuna ukubeka okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaqembu ahlukunyeziwe njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuhlaziywa, yenqaba izimangalo eziyisisekelo ezinciphisa abantu ezinhlotsheni zezinto eziphilayo noma izinkolelo-mbono zamasiko.
5. Umongo wase-Indonesia: Ukuhlukahluka, Ubunikazi, kanye Nezinselele
I-Indonesia iyizwe elinokwehlukahluka okukhulu kobuzwe, izilimi, kanye namasiko. Kulesi simo, izingxoxo ngobuzwe ziba yinto ebalulekile ezindabeni ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kwesizwe, ukuzimela kwesifunda, amalungelo abantu bomdabu, izingxabano zomphakathi, kanye nezombusazwe zobunikazi. Ubuzwe bungavela kakhulu ezimweni ezithile—isibonelo, ngezikhathi zokuncintisana kwezomnotho noma ukungezwani kwezepolitiki—kodwa futhi bungaba buthaka lapho ubumbano phakathi kwamaqembu luqina, isibonelo ngemfundo, ukuthuthela emadolobheni, kanye nomshado phakathi kwezinhlanga.
Okwamanje, umqondo wobuhlanga kumongo wase-Indonesia unomlando ohlukile kunakwamanye amazwe, kodwa uhlala ukhona ngesimo sezigaba, ukucwaswa kombala wesikhumba, kanye nezigaba ezithile zomphakathi ezizuzwe kusukela enkathini yamakoloni futhi zakhiwe yisiko elidumile . I-Anthropology isiza ekuchazeni ukuthi lezi zigaba zomphakathi zakhiwa kanjani nokuthi zisebenza kanjani emikhubeni yokubandlulula noma yokunikeza amalungelo.
6. Isiphetho
Imibono yobuhlanga kanye nobuzwe ku-anthropology ibonisa ukuthi umehluko wabantu awunakuchazwa kuphela ngebhayoloji noma isiko. Uhlanga, ngomqondo wanamuhla, luqondwa kangcono njengokwakhiwa komphakathi okunemiphumela yangempela empilweni. Ubuzwe buwuphawu oluguquguqukayo lwamasiko kanye nolwezenhlalo, olubunjwe yimingcele yomphakathi, umlando, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla.
Ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo, umlando, kanye namasiko, i-anthropology yanamuhla ifuna ukususa imibono ekhona isikhathi eside eqinisekisa amazinga abantu nokuqonda ukuthi ubunikazi beqembu bakhiwa futhi bugcinwa kanjani. Ekugcineni, ukutadisha uhlanga kanye nobuzwe akugcini nje ngokuhlukaniswa, kodwa kumayelana nobulungiswa, ukuqashelwa, kanye nendlela esiqonda ngayo isintu emphakathini ohlukahlukene futhi oxhumene ngokwandayo.
