Izinkinga Ze-Anthropology Yezemvelo kanye Nokuzinza
I-anthropology yezemvelo iyigatsha le-anthropology elifunda ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, amasiko, kanye nemvelo. Ayigxili nje kuphela endleleni abantu abasebenzisa ngayo izinsiza, kodwa futhi nendlela izindinganiso, ulwazi lwendawo, izinhlaka zomphakathi, ezomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki ezithonya ngayo indlela imiphakathi esebenzisana ngayo nemvelo. Phakathi kwenkinga yesimo sezulu ekhulayo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcola, kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo, i-anthropology yezemvelo inikeza ilensi ebalulekile yokuqonda izindaba zokusimama ngokuphelele—hhayi nje kuphela izinkinga zobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nezinkinga zokuziphatha, amandla, kanye nencazelo.
Ukuqonda imvelo njengendawo yamasiko
Ngokombono wezemvelo, "imvelo" ayilokothi ingathathi hlangothi. Amahlathi, imifula, ulwandle, nomhlaba akuzona nje izinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa izikhala ezigcwele incazelo ngemikhuba yamasiko. Kweminye imiphakathi yomdabu, isibonelo, amahlathi angaqondwa njengezindawo zokuhlala ezingcwele, indawo yokuhlala yokhokho, noma umthombo wobunikazi obuhlangene. Lo mbono uhlukile emibonweni yesimanje, evame ukubuka imvelo ngokuyinhloko njengomthombo wezomnotho. Lezi zincazelo ezihlukene ziholela emikhubeni yokuphatha ehlukene: eminye imiphakathi iphoqelela imithetho eqinile yendabuko yokugawula imithi, ivimbela imisebenzi ethile ezindaweni ezingcwele, noma ilawula izinkathi zokuvuna ukuze igweme ukuphazamisa ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo.
Izincazelo zamasiko zemvelo nazo zakha ulwazi lwendabuko lwezemvelo (TEK). Lolu lwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho okude, ukubuka, kanye nokufunda kwezizukulwane ezahlukene. Isibonelo umkhuba wokulima ngokushintshashintsha, okuvame ukungaqondwa kahle njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Kwezinye izimo, ukulima ngokushintshashintsha empeleni kunomjikelezo wokungatshalwa ovumela inhlabathi ukuthi ilulame. I-anthropology yezemvelo igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda imikhuba yendawo ngokombono wabadlali, kuphelele ngomqondo wayo wezenhlalo kanye nowemvelo.
Ukusimama njengendaba yezenhlalo neyezepolitiki
Izinkinga zokusimama zivame ukwethulwa njengezinto eziphathelene nomhlaba wonke: ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, amandla ahlanzekile, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nomnotho oluhlaza. Nakuba konke lokhu kubalulekile, i-anthropology yezemvelo ixwayisa ngokuthi izinqubomgomo "eziluhlaza" zingaba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini. Uma indawo ibizwa ngokuthi ipaki kazwelonke noma indawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo, isibonelo, akusho njalo ukuvikela imvelo. Kukhona futhi amathuba okuxoshwa kwabantu, imikhawulo ekufinyeleleni kwezakhamuzi zendawo ezindleleni zokuphila, noma izingxabano zomhlaba. Lesi simo saziwa ezifundweni ezibucayi ngokuthi "ukulondolozwa kwenqaba," indlela yokulondolozwa kwemvelo ehlukanisa abantu nemvelo, njengokungathi ukuba khona kwabantu kuyabhubhisa ngokwemvelo.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokusimama, umbuzo we-anthropology yezemvelo awugcini nje ngokuthi "indlela yokusindisa imvelo?", kodwa futhi uthi "ngubani onquma izindlela zokuyisindisa?", "ubani ozuza izinzuzo zezomnotho?", kanye nokuthi "ubani othwala izindleko zomphakathi?". Ukusimama akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nobudlelwano bamandla: izifundazwe, izinkampani, izinhlangano ezinikelayo, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zivame ukuba nethonya elikhulu ekwakheni isiqondiso senqubomgomo yezemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi yasendaweni - leyo ehlala eduze nendawo - ivame ukuba namandla aphansi kakhulu okuxoxisana.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungabi nabulungisa kwemvelo
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudalula ukungalingani emhlabeni wonke. Amaqembu amaningi aneminikelo emincane ekukhiqizweni kwekhabhoni abhekene nemiphumela emikhulu: ukwehluleka kwezitshalo, abadobi abalwela ukubikezela izinkathi zonyaka, ukuphakama kwamazinga olwandle okusongela izindawo zokuhlala ezisogwini, kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yezinhlekelele ze-hydrometeorological. I-anthropology yezemvelo ihlola indlela imiphakathi ebhekana ngayo nalezi zinguquko ekuphileni kwayo kwansuku zonke: indlela abachaza ngayo isimo sezulu esingalindelekile, indlela abathuthukisa ngayo amasu okubhekana nesimo (izimo), kanye nendlela amanethiwekhi omphakathi anikela ngayo noma anciphisa ngayo ukuqina komphakathi.
Umqondo "wobulungiswa bemvelo" ubalulekile lapha. Ubulungiswa bemvelo bubhekana nokusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwezingozi nezinzuzo zemvelo. Isibonelo, intuthuko yezimboni engcolisa imifula ivame ukuthinta ngqo izakhamuzi ezithembele emanzini ahlanzekile nezinhlanzi ukuze ziphile, kuyilapho izinzuzo zomnotho zigeleza kakhulu kubanikazi bezimali. I-anthropology yezemvelo inaka amazwi amaqembu asengozini, okuhlanganisa abantu bomdabu, abesifazane, imiphakathi empofu yasemadolobheni, kanye nezisebenzi ezithintwe ukuguqulwa komnotho okuluhlaza.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje, izimakethe, kanye nezindlela zokuphila ezishintshayo
Ukuzinza kuhlobene nezinguquko endleleni yokuphila ezilethwe yisimanje kanye nezimakethe. Ukuhlanganiswa emnothweni wemakethe kungashintsha amaphethini okusetshenziswa, izinhlelo zobunikazi bomhlaba, kanye nemikhuba yokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, lapho ukulima okuziphilisa kuguquka kube ukulima kwezimpahla ezinkulu, kuba nokusunduza kokusebenzisa umanyolo wamakhemikhali, ukususa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, noma ukulima izitshalo zodwa. Imiphumela ingafaka ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi, ukulahlekelwa izinhlobo zendawo, kanye nokwanda kokuthembela kwabalimi ezintweni ezifakwayo zangaphandle.
I-anthropology yezemvelo ihlola ukuthi lezi zinguquko azigcini nje ngokuba ngokoqobo kodwa futhi zithinta kanjani izakhiwo zomphakathi: ubudlelwano bezisebenzi, izindima zobulili, ngisho nemikhuba yendabuko. Kwezinye izimo, imiphakathi ibhekene nenkinga: ukugcina indlela yokuphila ebhekwa njenge "yendabuko" noma ukulandela izitayela zomnotho ezithembisa imali engenayo. Lezi zinqumo azivamile ukuba mnyama nomhlophe. Abantu bangahlanganisa amasu, baxoxisane, futhi baze bakhe nezinto ezintsha zendawo ukuze babhekane nezidingo zomnotho ngenkathi belondoloza ukusimama.
Ulwazi lwendawo kanye nesayensi: ingxabano noma ukubambisana?
Omunye weminikelo ebalulekile ye-anthropology yezemvelo ukuvala igebe phakathi kolwazi lwendawo nesayensi yesimanje. Lokhu kokubili kuvame ukungqubuzana, kodwa kunamathuba amaningi okubambisana. Ulwazi lwendawo lungasiza ekudwebeni izindawo ezisengozini yenhlekelele, ukuqaphela izinguquko zesizini, nokukhetha imbewu emelana nezimo ezithile. Isayensi yesimanje ingagcwalisa lokhu ngedatha yesimo sezulu, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha, noma ukuhlela okusekelwe kumamodeli. Ukubambisana okunempilo kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwendawo aluyona nje "indaba" kodwa umphumela wokubuka okuhlelekile ngaphakathi komongo othile wamasiko.
Kodwa-ke, ukubambisana kungaba yindlela yokuthola ulwazi, lapho ulwazi lwendawo luthathwa khona ngaphandle kokubuyisela noma iyiphi inzuzo emphakathini. I-anthropology yezemvelo igcizelela ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nokuziphatha kwenqubomgomo: imvume enolwazi, ukwabelana ngezinzuzo, kanye nenhlonipho ngamalungelo obuhlakani nawomphakathi wendabuko.
Kusukela emisebenzini yansuku zonke kuya ezinqubweni ezibandakanya wonke umuntu
Ukuzinza kuvame ukucatshangwa njengohlelo olukhulu: amaphrojekthi wamandla avuselelekayo, ukutshalwa kwezihlahla zomhlume, noma ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi. I-anthropology yezemvelo yenezela ukuthi ukuzinza kwakhiwe futhi ngemikhuba yansuku zonke: indlela imindeni ephatha ngayo imfucuza, indlela abalimi abaphatha ngayo amanzi, indlela imiphakathi evikela ngayo imithombo, kanye nendlela abadobi abasungula ngayo imithetho yokudoba. Le mikhuba ayimi yodwa; ithonywa yizimiso zomphakathi, izigwebo zendabuko, ubumbano, kanye nezingcindezi zomnotho.
Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zokuzinza ezisebenzayo kudingeka zibe nokubandakanya futhi ziqaphele umongo. Izinhlelo eziklanywe ngendlela efanayo zivame ukwehluleka ngoba azinaki ukuhlukahluka kwezimo zendawo. I-anthropology yezemvelo ikhuthaza indlela yokubamba iqhaza, lapho imiphakathi ihileleka khona kusukela esigabeni sokuhlela, hhayi nje njengabazuzi. Ukubamba iqhaza akuyona nje into ehlelekile emihlanganweni, kodwa inqubo yokwakha ukuvumelana, ukuvula ukufinyelela kolwazi, kanye nokuqaphela amalungelo okuphatha asenesikhathi eside.
Isiphetho: kungani i-anthropology yezemvelo ibalulekile?
I-anthropology yezemvelo ibalulekile ngoba isikhumbuza ukuthi inkinga yezemvelo iyinkinga yobudlelwano—phakathi kwabantu nemvelo, kodwa futhi naphakathi kwabantu nabantu. Ukusimama akunakutholakala ngokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo uma ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, ukuphucwa komhlaba, kanye nokunganakwa kwamasiko endawo kuqhubeka. Ngokuqonda izincazelo zamasiko, izakhiwo zamandla, kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke, i-anthropology yezemvelo isiza ekwakheni izixazululo ezingezona nje “eziluhlaza” ephepheni, kodwa futhi ezinobulungisa, ezamukelekayo, nezisimeme esikhathini eside.
Ezweni eliqhutshwa kakhulu yizinhlelo zentuthuko kanye nemigomo yezomnotho, i-anthropology yezemvelo inikeza isisekelo esibalulekile: ukulalela okuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi, ukuhlonipha ulwazi lwendawo, nokubuka imvelo njengengxenye yokuphila komphakathi. Yilapho ukusimama kungaqondwa khona hhayi njengesiqubulo, kodwa njengenqubo ehlanganyelwe edinga ingxoxo, ubulungiswa, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezizukulwane ezahlukene.
