Ingxabano Phakathi Kwesiko Nesimanje E-Anthropology
I-Pendahuluan
I-Anthropology, njengocwaningo lwesayensi lwabantu, isiko, kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi, iyaqhubeka nokubhekana nokuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesiko kanye nesimanje. Le ngxabano ayithinti nje kuphela inhlalakahle yabantu kanye namaqembu ezinhlanga kodwa futhi inemiphumela ebanzi ekuqondeni kwabantu ngokuzivumelanisa namasiko, ubuwena, kanye noshintsho emphakathini.
Incazelo Yesiko Nesimanje
Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa ngokujulile, kubalulekile ukuqonda izincazelo eziyisisekelo zala magama amabili. Isiko livame ukubhekisela emikhubeni yamasiko esikhathi eside eye yadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni emphakathini othile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amasiko, izinkolelo, izindinganiso, kanye nemikhuba eseyiyingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi beqembu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, isimanje ngokuvamile sihlotshaniswa noshintsho olusheshayo kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, kanye nezobuchwepheshe, kusukela ekuKhanyisweni kuya enkathini yamanje yomhlaba wonke. Isimanje sivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindinganiso ezifana nokucabanga, ukuzimela, kanye nobungxowankulu.
Ukubaluleka Kwesiko Ku-Anthropology
Isiko lidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuqhubeka komphakathi kanye nobunikazi bamasiko . Ngamasiko, ulimi, ubuciko, kanye nezinkolelo, imiphakathi ingalondoloza izimpande zayo zamasiko. Isibonelo, emiphakathini yabantu bomdabu e-Indonesia, njengeToraja, isiko lomngcwabo lendabuko elithi "Rambu Solo" aliyona nje umcimbi womphakathi kodwa futhi liwuphawu lobunikazi babo obucebile bamasiko .
Kodwa-ke, isiko singaba ithuluzi lokugcina isimo sikhona kanye nezigaba zomphakathi eziqinile. Isazi semvelaphi yabantu u-Edward Evans-Pritchard ubonise ocwaningweni lwakhe ukuthi isiko lingaqinisa izakhiwo zamandla ezingalingani emphakathini wama-Azande eSudan. Ngakho-ke, isiko livame ukuba yisihloko sokutadisha okubucayi ku-anthropology.
Isimanje kanye Noshintsho Lomphakathi
Isimanje kuletha izinguquko ezinkulu, ezinhle nezimbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimanje sivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yokuphila ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha, imfundo, kanye nengqalasizinda. Kodwa-ke, isimanje sivame ukuholela ekuphazamisekeni kwezenhlalo namasiko.
Ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, umkhiqizo oyinhloko wesimanje, kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukusabalala kolwazi nobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi kuye kwasheshisa ukuhwebelana kwamasiko. Amaqembu amaningi ezinhlanga zendabuko azizwa ecindezelwe ukuba azivumelanise nemikhuba "yesimanje", evame ukungavumelani nezindinganiso zawo zamasiko kanye nemikhuba. Kulesi simo, i-anthropology idinga amathuluzi amasha okuhlaziya kanye nezindlela zokuqonda nokuphendula kulezi zinguquko.
I-Pathology yesimanje
Isimanje asihlali silethe intuthuko elindelekile. Ukugxekwa kuvame ukuvela emibonweni eyahlukene, kugqamisa uhlangothi lwayo olubi. Ku-anthropology, lokhu kugxekwa kungatholakala emibonweni efana naleyo evezwe nguPierre Bourdieu noJürgen Habermas.
UBourdieu ugcizelele indlela ingcebo yamasiko neyomfanekiso evame ukuhlotshaniswa ngayo namandla ezomnotho, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukungalingani kwezenhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHabermas uchaze umqondo 'wokwenziwa kwamakoloni emhlabeni wempilo,' lapho izinhlelo zezomnotho nezepolitiki zanamuhla zivame ukubusa khona izikhala zomphakathi zendabuko, okwenza buthaka ikhono lemiphakathi lokugcina nokuthuthukisa amasiko ayo.
Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Abantu Bomdabu kanye Nesimanje e-Indonesia
I-Indonesia, ngokuhlukahluka kwayo kwamasiko, inikeza izibonelo eziningi ezifanele zokungqubuzana phakathi kwamasiko nesimanje. Isibonelo, abantu bomdabu baseBaduy eNtshonalanga Java bavame ukubhekana nenkinga yokugcina amasiko abo phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje okusakazeka esifundeni sabo. Ukwenqaba kwabo ubuchwepheshe besimanje njengogesi kanye nezokuthutha kuwumzamo ocacile wokulondoloza ubuwena babo kanye namasiko abo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu bomdabu baseDayak baseKalimantan baphumelele ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izici zesimanje namasiko abo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezolimo besimanje kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni kubasizile ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabo ngaphandle kokulahla ubuwena babo bamasiko.
Indlela Yokulwa Nezingxabano
I-anthropology kumele iqhubeke nokuthuthukisa izindlela eziguquguqukayo nezibandakanya wonke umuntu ukuze kuxazululwe ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesiko kanye nesimanje. Enye indlela ethandwa kakhulu yindlela "ye-glocal", egxile ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezinqubo zomhlaba kanye nezimo zendawo. Le ndlela ayisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda ukuguquguquka koshintsho lomphakathi kodwa futhi ivula isikhala sokufuna izixazululo ezizuzisayo zombili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokubandakanya abantu ezihilela ukubambisana phakathi kwabacwaningi nemiphakathi yasendaweni zingakhuthaza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi kungcono kanjani ukuvumelanisa amasiko nesimanje. Izazi ze-anthropology kumele zigcine izimiso zocwaningo, zihloniphe amalungelo amasiko, futhi zigweme ukucwasa okungalimaza imiphakathi efundwayo.
Indima Kahulumeni Nezikhungo Zamazwe Ngamazwe
Ohulumeni nezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe nabo banendima ebalulekile okufanele bayidlale ekuphatheni lezi zingxabano. Ngezinqubomgomo ezihlonipha ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko futhi zisekele ukuqhubeka kwamasiko, imiphumela emibi yesimanje ingancishiswa. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezihlanganisa izindinganiso zendawo nezomhlaba wonke zingaba yisisombululo esisodwa esisebenzayo.
Izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-UNESCO ziye zathatha izinyathelo ezahlukene zokulondoloza ifa lamasiko , kodwa kusenezinselele ezinkulu. Ukubambisana okuseduze phakathi kohulumeni basekhaya, imiphakathi, kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuqaliswe izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle nezisimeme kakhudlwana.
Isiphetho
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesiko kanye nesimanje ku-anthropology kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezici eziningi. Ukuyiqonda kudinga indlela ehlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene ehlanganisa ukuhlaziywa okubucayi komthelela wesimanje kanye nemizamo yokugcina isiko.
Ngokutadisha okujulile nokuphelele, i-anthropology ingasiza ekudaleni ukuqonda kanye nezixazululo ezihlonipha futhi zilondoloze ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko. Kokubili isiko kanye nesimanje kunezindinganiso nezinselelo zazo. Inselele ye-anthropology ukuthola ibhalansi evumela lezi zinto ezimbili ukuba zihlale ndawonye futhi zicebisane.
Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology iyaqhubeka nokudlala indima njengesayensi engagcini nje ngokuqonda abantu namasiko abo, kodwa futhi ezinikele ekugcineni ukuvumelana ekugelezeni okuqhubekayo koshintsho.
