Ubuhlanga kanye Nokuhlobana Kwamasiko ku-Anthropology
I-Anthropology, njengocwaningo lwabantu namasiko abo, inemiqondo ebalulekile esiza izazi ze-anthropology ukuthi zicwaninge futhi ziqonde imiphakathi eyahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Imiqondo emibili evame ukuvela ezingxoxweni ze-anthropology yi-ethnocentrism kanye ne-cultural relativism. Le miqondo emibili inikeza izindlela ezahlukene zokuqonda nokuhlola amanye amasiko.
Incazelo ye-Ethnocentrism
I-ethnocentrism umbono wokuthi isiko lakho kanye nemikhuba yakho kuphakeme kuneyabanye. Lesi simo sengqondo sivame ukuholela ekuhlolweni kokuthi imikhuba yamasiko, amasiko, kanye nezindinganiso zeminye imiphakathi ziyinto yakudala, engavamile, noma ngisho engalungile. Abantu noma amaqembu anezimo zengqondo ezigxile kubuhlanga bavame ukuba nobunzima bokwamukela umehluko futhi bavame ukubheka noma yini ehlukile njengento okumele ithuthukiswe noma ishintshwe ukuze ivumelane nezindinganiso zabo.
Isibonelo esicacile sobuzwe obuphakathi singatholakala emlandweni wobukoloni. Abakoloni babevame ukubheka imiphakathi ababeyikoloni “njengengaphucukile” futhi edinga ukufundiswa nokubuswa ngokwezindinganiso nezindlela zokuphila zaseNtshonalanga. Lesi simo sengqondo siye saqhubeka nemibono eminingi emibi futhi saqhubeka nokungalingani okujulile.
Incazelo Yokuhlobana Kwamasiko
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlobana kwamasiko kuyindlela egcizelela ukuthi wonke amasiko anezindinganiso nemigomo ebaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ukuhlobana kwamasiko kukholelwa ukuthi imikhuba yamasiko, izinkolelo, nezindinganiso kumele kuqondwe ngaphakathi komongo wawo wamasiko. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho siko eliphakeme noma eliphansi kunelinye; wonke amasiko anezindinganiso zawo kanye nokucabanga kwawo.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwamasiko kukhuthaza izazi zemvelaphi yabantu ukuba zisebenzise indlela enozwela kakhulu futhi engahluleli lapho zifunda eminye imiphakathi. Lesi simiso sisiza abacwaningi ukuba bagweme ukucwasa okungase kuvele ngokombono wabo wamasiko futhi baqonde kangcono ukuthi abantu baleyo masiko bawubona kanjani umhlaba.
Ingxabano Nokuhambisana
Nakuba i-ethnocentrism kanye ne-cultural relativism kuvame ukubhekwa njengokuphambene, kokubili kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-anthropology. I-ethnocentrism ivame ukuletha izinselele kubacwaningi be-anthropologist abafuna ukugwema ukucwasa ocwaningweni lwabo. Okwamanje, i-cultural relativism inikeza indlela yokunqoba lezi zinselele nokuletha ukuqonda okujulile kanye nenhlonipho ngomehluko wamasiko.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlobana kwamasiko nakho kunezinselele zakho kanye nokugxekwa. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuthi ukuhlobana kwamasiko kungaholela ekubekezeleleni imikhuba engase yephule amalungelo abantu . Isibonelo, eminye imikhuba yendabuko ingabhekwa njengokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokombono wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ukuhlobana kwamasiko kusifundisa ukuqonda le mikhuba ngaphakathi komongo wayo wamasiko.
Izazi ze-anthropology zivame ukufuna ibhalansi, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kokuzivumelanisa namasiko ngenkathi zisacabangela izinhlaka zomthetho nezokuziphatha zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kudinga abacwaningi ukuba bahlaziye, baguquguquke, futhi bacabangele ekuchazeni kwabo.
Izifundo Zezimo Eziphathelene Nocwaningo Lwe-Anthropological
Ukuze siqonde kangcono umehluko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-ethnocentrism kanye ne-cultural relativism, ake sibukeze ezinye izibonelo ocwaningweni lwe-anthropology.
Izinhlelo Zobuzalwane E-Afrika Engaphansi KweSahara
Eminye imiphakathi e-Sub-Saharan Africa inezinhlelo zobudlelwano ezihluke kakhulu kulezo ezitholakala emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga. Isibonelo, kweminye imiphakathi, imindeni eyandisiwe ehlanganisa izizukulwane eziningi kanye namalungu omndeni owandisiwe ibaluleke kakhulu, kuyilapho emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga, umndeni we-nuclear, owakhiwa abazali nezingane, ngokuvamile ubaluleke kakhulu.
Isazi se-anthropologist esibheka lolu cwaningo nge-ethnocentrism singase sibheke lezi zinhlelo zobudlelwano njengezimpawu "zokuntuleka kwentuthuko" noma "ukudideka kwesakhiwo." Kodwa-ke, ngokusebenzisa i-relativism yamasiko, izazi ze-anthropologist zingabona lezi zinhlelo njengezimo ezibalulekile nezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwezimo zazo zemvelo nezenhlalo, zinikeza ukwesekwa kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, kanye nangokomzwelo okudingekayo ukuze kuphile futhi kuchume.
Imikhuba Yokucwiya Izitho Zangasese Zabesifazane
Umkhuba wokusika izitho zangasese zabesifazane (i-FGM) uyisibonelo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiphikisanayo sempikiswano phakathi kobuzwe kanye nokuhlobana kwamasiko. Kwamanye amasiko, lo mkhuba wenziwa njengengxenye yemikhuba yokuthwasa noma ubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi bamasiko.
Ngokombono wobuhlanga, le mikhuba ingabhekwa njengeyasendulo, yobuqaba, kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlobana kwamasiko kufundisa ukuqonda le mikhuba ngaphakathi komongo ohlukile wezenhlalo namasiko emiphakathini eyenzayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi le mikhuba kufanele yamukelwe ngaphandle kokugxekwa; izazi eziningi ze-anthropology ziphikisana ngesidingo sendlela ehlonipha umongo wamasiko ngenkathi isebenza ukushintsha imikhuba elimaza amalungelo kanye nempilo yomuntu ngamunye.
Intuthuko Yezomnotho kanye Noshintsho Lomphakathi Ezweni Elingaphansi Kwezomnotho
Amaphrojekthi okuthuthukiswa komnotho emazweni asathuthuka avame ukubunjwa amamodeli nezindinganiso zaseNtshonalanga. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda kanye nokuguqulwa kwesistimu yezolimo kuvame ukwenziwa ngaphandle kokubonisana okwanele nabantu bomdabu.
Isazi se-anthropology esibhekana nalesi simo nge-ethnocentrism singase sibheke lezi zinguquko “njengokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje” noma “intuthuko.” Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ivame ukwehluleka ukucabangela ukuthi lezi zinguquko zingalimaza kanjani izakhiwo zomphakathi , zamasiko kanye nezomnotho zendawo.
Indlela yokuzivumelanisa namasiko ihlose ukuqonda ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo ibheka kanjani intuthuko kanye noshintsho. Ikhuthaza abenzi benqubomgomo nabacwaningi ukuthi babambisane nemiphakathi yendawo, bahloniphe ulwazi lwabo lwendabuko kanye nemikhuba yabo, futhi bafune izixazululo ezihlala njalo nezibandakanya wonke umuntu.
Indima Yemfundo Nokuqwashisa Ekunqobeni Ubuzwe
Enye indlela yokunciphisa imiphumela emibi yobuhlanga iwukufundisa kanye nokwandisa ulwazi ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko. Indlela evulekile nehlanganisayo yemfundo ingasiza abantu ukuba bathuthukise inhlonipho nokwazisa ngomehluko wamasiko.
Izinhlelo zokushintshana ngamasiko kanye nezifundo zamasiko ahlukahlukene nazo zingadlala indima ebalulekile. Ukuzibonela mathupha esinye isiko kungavula amehlo nengqondo yomuntu ezindleleni zokuphila ezifanele njengezabo.
Isiphetho
I-ethnocentrism kanye ne-cultural relativism kuyimibono emibili ephikisanayo kodwa ebaluleke ngokulinganayo esifundweni se-anthropology. I-ethnocentrism isikhumbuza ngezingozi zokwahlulela nokuhumusha amanye amasiko ngeso lethu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-cultural relativism isifundisa ukuqonda nokwazisa izindinganiso kanye nemikhuba yamanye amasiko ngaphakathi komongo wawo.
Le mibono emibili, uma iqondwa futhi isetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, ingacebisa ukutadisha i-anthropology futhi ikhuthaze ingxoxo ejulile nenenhlonipho phakathi kwamasiko omhlaba. Esikhathini sokwanda kokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kanye nokuxhumana, ukuqonda nokuhlonipha ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngemfundo kanye nokuqwashisa, singafunda ukubona umhlaba ngamehlo ahlukahlukene kakhulu kanye nezingqondo ezivulekile, okuholela ezweni elinokuthula nelifaka wonke umuntu.
