Umehluko Phakathi Kwe-Physical Anthropology kanye ne-Cultural Anthropology
I-Anthropology iwukufunda kwabantu, ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, wamasiko, wezenhlalo, nowomlando. Njengesifundo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiphelele, i-anthropology ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana ezincane, ezimbili zazo okuyi-physical anthropology kanye ne-cultural anthropology. Nakuba zombili zifunda abantu, izindlela zabo, ukugxila kwabo, kanye nezindlela zabo kuhluka kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwe-physical anthropology kanye ne-cultural anthropology ukuze kunikezwe ukuqonda okujulile ngalezi zifundo.
I-Physical Anthropology: Ukugxila kanye Nendlela Yokwenza
I-anthropology yemvelo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-anthropology yezinto eziphilayo, igatsha le-anthropology eligxile ezicini zezinto eziphilayo zabantu. Ihlobene kakhulu nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu, izakhi zofuzo, kanye nokwehluka kwezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwabantu. Nazi ezinye zezici eziyinhloko zalo mkhakha:
1. Ukuziphendukela Komuntu: I-anthropology yemvelo ifunda ukuvela kwabantu kusukela kokhokho bezinkawu kuya kuma-Homo sapiens anamuhla. Ngokuhlaziya izinsalela zezinto zakudala nezinto zobuciko, izazi ze-anthropology zomzimba zingabona izinguquko esakhiweni somzimba ezenzeke eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule.
2. I-Paleoanthropology: Igatsha elikhethekile le-physical anthropology elifunda izinsalela zabantu kanye nokhokho babo. Izazi ze-Paleoanthropology zisebenzisa amasu anjengokuqopha isikhathi nge-radiometric kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesimo ukuze ziqonde kabanzi ngentuthuko yomuntu.
3. Izakhi Zofuzo Zabantu: Ukufunda ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kubantu ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zithonya kanjani ukumelana nezifo, ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo, kanye nokunye ukuhlukahluka.
4. I-Bioarchaeology: Ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo ukudala isithombe sempilo yansuku zonke yemiphakathi yangaphambilini, njengokudla, indlela yokuphila, kanye nezimo zezempilo.
5. I-Primatology: Ucwaningo lwezilwane ezingezona ezabantu (isib., ama-chimpanzee, ama-gorilla, nezinkawu). Lokhu kusiza izazi ze-anthropology zomzimba ukuqonda ukuziphatha, i-ecology, kanye nokuvela kwamaqembu ahlobene eduze nabantu.
Izindlela zokwenza izinto eziphathelene ne-physical anthropology zivame ukuba ngezamanani, zisebenzisa amasu elabhorethri kanye nezilinganiso ukuqoqa idatha. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa ama-skulls (craniometry) noma ukuhlaziya i-DNA yasendulo ukuze kulandelwe ukufuduka kwabantu.
I-Anthropology Yamasiko: Ukugxila kanye Nendlela Yokwenza
Ngokungafani ne-anthropology yemvelo, i-anthropology yamasiko ifunda izici ezingezona ezebhayoloji zesintu, okungukuthi isiko kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi. Lezi zici zifaka phakathi izindinganiso, izindinganiso, amasiko, kanye nezindlela abantu abaxhumana ngazo nomunye nomunye kanye nendawo abakuyo. Nazi ezinye zezinto eziyinhloko ezigxilwe kuzo yi-anthropology yamasiko:
1. I-Ethnography: Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko ku-anthropology yamasiko yi-ethnography, ehilela abacwaningi abahlala ngqo phakathi komphakathi abafundwayo, ababuka futhi abaxhumana nabo ngokujulile. Umgomo uwukuqonda indlela yokuphila yomphakathi ngaphakathi.
2. Izinhlelo Zokukholwa Nemikhuba: Izazi zesintu zamasiko zifunda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo zokukholwa, kusukela ezinkolweni ezinkulu kuya ku-animism, kanye nemikhuba ehlobene nalezi zinhlelo zokukholwa. Zifuna ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zinkolelo zibusa kanjani impilo yansuku zonke nokuthi zakha kanjani ubunjalo beqembu.
3. Isakhiwo Somphakathi: Ucwaningo lobudlelwano bobuhlobo, ukwahlukaniswa kwezenhlalo, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa indlela amandla negunya okusatshalaliswa ngayo, indlela izingxabano eziphathwa ngayo, kanye nendlela izikhungo zomphakathi ezifana nomndeni nomshado ezisebenza ngayo.
4. Ulimi: I-anthropology yolimi noma i-anthropological linguistics ifunda indima yolimi emasikweni. Ulimi lubonakalisa futhi luthonya kanjani imicabango yamasiko, ukuxhumana kanye nokudluliselwa kwawo?
5. I-Cultural Ecology: Ukutadisha indlela amasiko abantu asebenzisana ngayo nendawo abakuyo, indlela abazivumelanisa ngayo nezimo, kanye nendlela izinkolelo nemikhuba yabo esekela ngayo ukusinda ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Indlela yokusebenza kwe-anthropology yamasiko isezingeni eliphezulu, kugxilwe kakhulu ekubukeni kwabahlanganyeli, izingxoxo ezijulile, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo. Idatha etholakala ivame ukuchaza kakhudlwana futhi ihlelwe yaba yizindaba ukuze ibonise kangcono impilo yomphakathi neyesiko.
Ukufana kanye nomehluko
Nakuba kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-physical anthropology kanye ne-cultural anthropology, zifana ngokufana okuyisisekelo. Zombili lezi zifundo ezincane zizama ukuqonda abantu ngokuphelele, zicabangela izici zabo ezahlukene kanye nendlela abaxhumana ngayo. Zivame futhi ukubambisana emisebenzini emikhulu yocwaningo ukuze zinikeze isithombe esiphelele somphakathi wesintu.
Kodwa-ke, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili usentweni efundwayo:
1. Inhloso Yokutadisha: I-anthropology yemvelo igxile ezicini zebhayoloji zabantu, njenge-anatomy, izakhi zofuzo, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okwamanje, i-anthropology yamasiko igxile ezicini zezenhlalo nezamasiko, njengamasiko, izinkolelo, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi.
2. Indlela Yokwenza Izinto: I-anthropology yemvelo isebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa kanye nezesayensi, njengokulinganisa kwelebhu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo. I-anthropology yesiko isebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa kakhulu, njengokubuka kwabahlanganyeli kanye nezingxoxo.
3. Indlela: I-anthropology yemvelo ivame ukuba yesayensi kakhulu futhi engathathi hlangothi, kuyilapho i-anthropology yamasiko ichaza kakhulu futhi izimele. Lokhu akusho ukuthi enye ingcono kunenye, kodwa zombili zinikeza imibono ehlukene kodwa ehambisanayo.
4. Umgomo Wokugcina: Umgomo oyinhloko we-physical anthropology ukuqonda ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo zabantu kanye nokwehlukahluka. Okwamanje, umgomo we-culture anthropology ukuqonda ukuthi abantu bakha, bathuthukise futhi balondoloze kanjani isiko labo.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Physical Anthropology kanye ne-Cultural Anthropology
Naphezu kokungafani kwazo, lezi zifundo ezimbili ezincane zivame ukusebenza ngendlela ehambisanayo. Isibonelo, ekufundweni kokuzivumelanisa kwabantu nezimo ezibucayi, ulwazi lwezinguquko zezinto eziphilayo (kusukela ku-anthropology yemvelo) kanye namasu amasiko (kusukela ku-anthropology yamasiko) kokubili kubalulekile. Abacwaningi bezinto eziphilayo bavame ukusebenzisa ukuqonda okuvela ku-anthropology yamasiko ukuze bachaze idatha yabo, baqonde kangcono umongo wezenhlalo namasiko wabantu abadlule ababafundayo.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology yemvelo kanye ne-anthropology yamasiko, nakuba kuhlukile ngokugxila kanye nendlela yokwenza izinto, kokubili kubalulekile ekuqondeni abantu ngokuphelele. I-anthropology yemvelo inikeza ukuqonda ngokuzivumelanisa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvela kwabantu, kuyilapho i-anthropology yamasiko inikeza
