Ithiyori Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwabantu Ngokwe-Anthropology
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu kuyisigaba esibalulekile sokutadisha ngaphakathi kwe-anthropology, isifundo esihlola abantu nezici zokuphila kwabo kuwo wonke umlando. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokujulile inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu ngombono we-anthropology, ukuthi yathuthuka kanjani, kanye nobufakazi obusekela lo mbono.
Isingeniso: Ukuqonda Okuyisisekelo Kwemfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iyithiyori yesayensi ephakamisa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zokuphila eMhlabeni zavela kukhokho oyedwa ngenqubo yokukhethwa kwemvelo isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lo mqondo wasungulwa nguCharles Darwin encwadini yakhe ethi "On the Origin of Species," eyanyatheliswa ngo-1859. Kodwa-ke, uma sikhuluma ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu, sikhuluma ngohambo olude olwasithatha kusukela kokhokho bethu bezinyamazane saya kuma-Homo sapiens anamuhla.
Imvelaphi Yomuntu: Kusukela Ku-Primate Kuya Ku-Hominid
Esinye isici esibalulekile sombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu ukuqonda ukuthi abantu babelana ngokhokho ofanayo nezinye izilwane ezincane, njengezinkawu nama-gorilla. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 edlule, uhlu lwabantu nolwezinkawu lwahlukana nokhokho ofanayo owaziwa ngokuthi ama-hominid.
Izazi ze-anthropology zikholelwa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kwaqala ngokuvela kohlobo lwe-hominid olwaziwa ngokuthi i-Australopithecus, olwaluhlala e-Afrika eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezine edlule. I-Australopithecus afarensis ingenye yezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu kuleli qembu, futhi insalela yayo edumile kakhulu "uLucy," eyatholakala ngo-1974. ULucy wabonisa ukuzivumelanisa okukhulu ne-bipedalism, okubhekwa njengesinyathelo esibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwabantu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Homo: Kusukela ku-Homo habilis kuya ku-Homo sapiens
Ngemva kwe-Australopithecus, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaqhubeka kuhlobo lwe-Homo, olwabonisa ukwanda okukhulu kobukhulu bobuchopho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi. Uhlobo lokuqala kulolu hlobo kwakuyi-Homo habilis, eyaphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,4 kuya ku-1,4 eyedlule futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi "ingcweti." I-Homo habilis yabonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi amatshe alula, okubonisa amakhono okuqonda athuthukile kakhulu kunabokhokho bayo.
Okulandelayo, i-Homo erectus yavela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1,9 eyedlule futhi yayiyinhlobo yokuqala eyaziwayo yama-Homo eyashiya i-Afrika yasakazekela e-Asia naseYurophu. I-Homo erectus ikhombisa ubufakazi obuningi bokuzivumelanisa nezimo okufana nokwabantu banamuhla, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nobufakazi bokusetshenziswa komlilo. Izinsalela ze-Homo erectus ezidumile, okuhlanganisa ne-"Turkana Boy" etholakala eKenya, zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngesimo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwalolu hlobo.
Enye yezinguquko ezibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwabantu kwaba ukuvela kwamaHomo neanderthalensis (amaNeanderthal), ayehlala eYurophu nasentshonalanga ye-Asia. AmaNeanderthal abonisa ukuzivumelanisa okuphawulekayo nezimo zezulu ezibandayo futhi ayenamasiko ayinkimbinkimbi ahlanganisa ukwenza amathuluzi, ubuciko, kanye nolimi. Nakuba amaHomo neanderthalensis aphela eminyakeni engaba ngu-40.000 eyedlule, izifundo zofuzo zibonisa ukuthi abelana nge-DNA namaHomo sapiens, okuphakamisa ukusebenzisana nokuzalana phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili.
Ama-Homo sapiens: Abantu Banamuhla
Ama-Homo sapiens, uhlobo lwabantu banamuhla, avele cishe eminyakeni engu-300.000 eyedlule e-Afrika. Izinsalela zama-Homo sapiens, njengalezo ezitholakala eMorocco, zibonisa izici zomzimba kanye namandla engqondo afana nalawo abantu banamuhla. Intuthuko yabantu banamuhla ibonakala ngekhono lokuxhumana ngolimi oluyinkimbinkimbi, ubuciko, isiko, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esheshayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-Homo sapiens aqala ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke futhi athatha indawo noma asebenzisane nezinye izinhlobo zama-hominid njengamaNeanderthal namaDenisovans. Ubufakazi bezakhi zofuzo busikisela ukuthi abantu banamuhla baphethe inani elincane le-DNA kuzo zombili izinhlobo, okuphakamisa ukuzalana phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokufuduka kokuqala.
Ubufakazi Bokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Komuntu
Ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu buvela emikhakheni eyahlukene efana ne-paleontology, i-archaeology, kanye ne-genetics. Izinsalela zabantu nezinto zobuciko ezitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene zinikeza ukuqonda ngendlela okhokho bethu ababephila ngayo, bezivumelanisa nezimo, futhi bevela ngayo. Isibonelo, izinsalela ezifana no-"Lucy," "Turkana Boy," kanye no-"Neanderthal," phakathi kwezinye, zinikeza ukuqonda mayelana nezinguquko zesimo kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo.
Izakhi zofuzo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuvela komuntu. Besebenzisa amasu esimanje njengokulandelana kwe-DNA, ososayensi bangalandelela okhokho babantu kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-hominid. I-DNA ye-Mitochondrial kanye ne-chromosome ye-Y, isibonelo, kusetshenziselwa ukwakha kabusha ukufuduka kwabantu kanye nokusebenzisana kwabo kwangaphambilini.
Ukutholakala kwamathuluzi amatshe, ubuciko, nezinye izinto zobuciko nakho kunikeza ubufakazi bamakhono okuqonda kanye namasiko okhokho bethu. Imidwebo yemihume enemidwebo yasendulo, izindawo zokuhlala zasendulo, kanye namathuluzi avamile atholwe ngabavubukuli kusinika ukuqonda ngempilo yomphakathi kanye namasiko abantu esikhathini esidlule.
Imiphumela Yezenhlalo Neyefilosofi
Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu nakho kunemiphumela ejulile endleleni esizibheka ngayo thina nendawo yethu endaweni yonke. Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iphonsela inselelo umbono wokudala oye wabusa imicabango yabantu amakhulu eminyaka futhi inikeza incazelo esekelwe ebufakazini ngemvelaphi nentuthuko yabantu.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi impikiswano kanye nempikiswano mayelana nemiphumela yezenhlalo kanye neyokuziphatha yenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Imibuzo mayelana nobunikazi, ukuziphatha, kanye nendima yomuntu endaweni yonke ivame ukuvela ekucabangeni ngalo mbono. Isibonelo, ukuqonda ukuthi abantu bavela ezinhlotsheni zezilwane kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi yini esenza "sibe ngabantu" nokuthi kufanele sixhumane kanjani nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Isiphetho: Ukuqhubeka Nokufuna Ulwazi
Inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela komuntu, ngokusho kwe-anthropology, ingenye yezinkambu zokufunda ezithakazelisa kakhulu neziguquguqukayo. Ubufakazi obuhlala butholakala obuvela ezinsaleleni, izakhi zofuzo, kanye nokuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala buhlinzeka ngokuqonda okusha ohambweni olude lwabantu kusukela okhokho bezinkawu kuya kuma-Homo sapiens anamuhla. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kulo mkhakha alugcini nje ngokusisiza siqonde imvelaphi yethu kodwa futhi lukwazisa ubunzima kanye nokuhluka kwendawo yethu endaweni yonke.
Ngalo lonke ulwazi esilutholile, sikhuthazwa ukuba siqhubeke nokuhlola nokucwaninga kabanzi ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu. Ukuqonda kangcono isikhathi sethu esidlule kuzosisiza sicabange kakhulu ngekusasa lethu, kanye nokuthuthukisa isiko lethu kanye nobunikazi bethu njengezinhlobo ezihlukile eMhlabeni.
