Ithiyori Yokwakheka Kwesakhiwo Ku-Anthropology Yamasiko
I-Pendahuluan
Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuyindlela yethiyori egxile ezakhiweni eziyisisekelo kuzo zonke izici zesiko labantu. Yaqala ukwethulwa nguFerdinand de Saussure esifundweni sezilimi, le ndlela kamuva yanwetshwa yaya emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-anthropology yamasiko, ngabacabangi abanjengoClaude Lévi-Strauss. Ngokomongo we-anthropology yamasiko, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kugxile ekuboneni nasekuhlaziyeni izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezinhlobo zamasiko, izinhlelo zenani, kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu.
Imvelaphi kanye Nethonya Lokwakheka Kwesakhiwo
UFerdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) ubhekwa njengoyise wokwakheka kwesakhiwo, ngeminikelo yakhe kwezezilimi ethula imiqondo efana nolimi kanye ne-parole, kanye ne-signifier kanye ne-signified. USaussure wagcizelela ukuthi ulimi luyisimiso sezimpawu ezisebenza ngaphakathi komongo wezenhlalo. Imibono kaSaussure kamuva yaguqulwa yisazi se-anthropology saseFrance uClaude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), owaziwa njengoyise wokwakheka kwesakhiwo ku-anthropology yamasiko.
ULévi-Strauss wethula inkolelo-mbono yokuthi isiko lulimi nokuthi izakhi zamasiko zingahlaziywa ngendlela efanayo nolimi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kunezakhiwo zomhlaba wonke ezingaphansi kwawo wonke amasiko abantu, futhi ngokufunda izinganekwane, izinganekwane, ngisho nezinhlelo zobudlelwano, singazithola lezi zakhiwo.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokwakheka Kwesakhiwo
Kunezimiso eziningana eziyinhloko endleleni yokwakheka kwezinto ku-anthropology yamasiko:
1. Izakhiwo Zomhlaba Wonke: Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuphikisana ngokuthi kunezakhiwo eziyisisekelo, ezibanzi kuwo wonke amasiko abantu. Lezi zakhiwo ziyizindlela zokucabanga ezihlanganyelwe, yize ukuvezwa kwazo kungahluka emiphakathini.
2. Ukuphikiswa Okubili: Omunye wemibono ebalulekile ekuhlelekeni kwesakhiwo ububili bokuphikiswa (ukuphikiswa okubili). ULévi-Strauss kanye nabamlandelayo bavame ukuhlonza amaphethini alobu bubili, njengemibono yobuhle nokubi, efudumele nebandayo, noma eluhlaza nevuthiwe ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni.
3. Izenzakalo Zomphakathi Njengesistimu Evaliwe: Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kubheka izenzakalo zomphakathi nezamasiko njengezingxenye zesistimu evaliwe, exhumene. Ingxenye ngayinye yalesi simiso ibonisa futhi ixhumana nezinye izingxenye ngokwemithetho ethile yesakhiwo.
4. Izindlela Ezihlelekile: Izindlela Zokwakha zivame ukusebenzisa izindlela ezisemthethweni ezifana namasu kwezezilimi. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuhilela ukuhlukanisa into ibe izingxenye zayo kanye nokuqonda ukuthi isebenzisana kanjani ukuze yakhe isakhiwo sonke.
Ukusetshenziswa Kokwakheka Kwesakhiwo Ku-Anthropology Yamasiko
UClaude Lévi-Strauss wayeyiphayona ekusetshenzisweni kwemfundiso yokwakheka kwesakhiwo ku-anthropology yamasiko. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe enethonya elikhulu ihlanganisa ethi “The Elementary Structures of Kinship” (1949) kanye nethi “Structural Anthropology” (1958). Kule misebenzi, uLévi-Strauss wabonisa ukuthi izikhungo ezahlukene zomphakathi (njengomshado kanye nobuhlobo) zingahlaziywa kanjani ngendlela yokwakheka kwesakhiwo.
U-Lévi-Strauss wayedume nangokuhlaziya kwakhe izinganekwane. Emisebenzini efana nethi “Mythologiques” (uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezine ezanyatheliswa phakathi kuka-1964 no-1971), wabonisa ukuthi izindaba zezinganekwane ezivela emasikweni ahlukene zinezindlela ezifanayo zesakhiwo. Isibonelo, umqondo wobubili kanye nokuphikisana uvame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni njengendlela yokuqonda umhlaba.
Ukugxekwa Kokwakheka Kwesakhiwo
Naphezu komthelela wayo obalulekile, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo akunabo abagxeki bako. Ezinye zezigxeko eziyinhloko zale ndlela yilezi:
1. Ukuzinqumela Okudlulele: Ukuzinqumela okuhlelekile kuvame ukubhekwa njengokuzinqumela ngokweqile ngoba kuvame ukunganaki ukushintshashintsha komphakathi namasiko. Abanye abagxeki bathi le ndlela igxila kakhulu ezakhiweni eziqinile futhi ayinaki ngokwanele i-ejensi kanye noshintsho.
2. Imikhawulo Engokomlando: Ukugxekwa okuningi kuvela kososayensi bendabuko abaphikisana ngokuthi akuwona wonke amasiko angahlaziywa ngendlela efanayo. Bakholelwa ukuthi indlela yokwakheka ingenza kube lula kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kanye nobunzima besiko labantu.
3. Ukufinyeza Okweqile: Izakhiwo ekuhleleni izinto zivame ukubhekwa njengezingacacile kakhulu futhi zikude kakhulu nokuphila kwangempela kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kwansuku zonke. Imisebenzi yabantu esebenziseka kalula neqondile ingase ingavumelani njalo nezakhiwo ezicatshangelwayo eziphakanyiswa yisakhiwo.
Ithiyori Yokwakheka Ngemva kukaLevi-Strauss
Ngemva kwesikhathi sikaLévi-Strauss, inkolelo-mbono yokwakheka kwesakhiwo yaqhubeka yathuthuka futhi yaguqulwa ngabacabangi abahlukahlukene. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noRoland Barthes noMichel Foucault zathuthukisa imibono yokwakheka kwesakhiwo futhi zayihlanganisa nenkolelo-mbono ebucayi kanye ne-post-structuralism. Nakuba indlela yokwakheka kwesakhiwo yakudala ingase ingasabusi, ifa layo lisezifundweni eziningi zanamuhla ezigcizelela ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo ekuqondeni isiko.
Ngokwesibonelo, uRoland Barthes wafaka imiqondo yesakhiwo ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe kwe-semiotic yamasiko athandwayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uFoucault wagxila kakhulu endleleni izakhiwo zamandla nolwazi ezibumba ngayo izifundo kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yesakhiwo ku-anthropology yamasiko ibe negalelo elikhulu endleleni esiqonda ngayo isiko nomphakathi. Le ndlela inikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuhlaziya okuhlonza nokuvula izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezibumba imicabango nokuziphatha komuntu. Naphezu kokugxekwa kanye nokuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene, ifa lesakhiwo lisabalulekile ezifundweni zamasiko nezenhlalo.
Ngendlela yokwakheka, singabona ukuthi ngaphansi kokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko kukhona amaphethini afanayo naxhumene. Lokhu kusisiza siqonde ukuthi abantu, naphezu kokwehluka okungabonakali, babelana ngezindlela ezifanayo zokucabanga nokuxhumana ngesakhiwo. Ngenxa yalokho, le mbono iyaqhubeka nokuba uhlaka olubalulekile ekufundweni kwe-anthropology yamasiko yanamuhla.
