Ukwakhiwa kobulili kanye nobulili ku-Anthropology
Ezifundweni ze-anthropological, imiqondo yobulili kanye nobulili isibe yizinhlaka zokuhlaziya ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa kobulili kanye nobulili kusisiza siqonde ukuthi imiphakathi emhlabeni wonke yakha futhi iphatha kanjani ubuwena bayo kanye nobudlelwano. Lesi sihloko sizohlola kabanzi ukwakhiwa kobulili kanye nobulili, sihlole imibono ehlukahlukene ngokombono we-anthropological, futhi sixoxe ngokufaneleka kwayo ezimweni zomphakathi zanamuhla.
Ukuqonda Ubulili Nobulili
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucwaninga, sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi ubulili kanye nobulili buyini. Ubulili buvame ukubhekisela ezindimeni, ekuziphatheni, okulindelwe, kanye nobunikazi obudalwa umphakathi ngokusekelwe ekwehlukeni kobulili (owesilisa nowesifazane). Ubulili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, buhlanganisa izici ezibanzi ezifana nokuthambekela kobulili, okuthandwa ngokocansi, kanye nokubonakaliswa kobulili.
La magama avame ukufana futhi ayinkimbinkimbi. Ubulili buyindlela yokwakha umphakathi ethonywa yimikhuba namasiko, kuyilapho ubulili bungumuntu ngamunye futhi bungahlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ubungqingili, nokunye. Ku-anthropology, womabili afundwa ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi abantu baphila futhi baxhumana kanjani.
Imibono Yesintu Ngobulili
I-Anthropology, njengocwaningo lwabantu, isebenzisa indlela ephelele yokufunda ubulili. Ucwaningo lwe-Ethnographic, indlela eyinhloko ku-anthropology, luvumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlale, babuke, futhi basebenzisane nemiphakathi ukuze bathole ukuqonda okujulile.
Ubulili Emasikweni Ahlukene
Umphakathi ngamunye unendlela yawo ehlukile yokuchaza nokubonisa ubulili. Isibonelo, abantu baseBugis base-Indonesia bamukela umqondo wobulili obuhlanu: amadoda, abesifazane, i-calalai (abesifazane abenza njengabesilisa), i-calabai (amadoda abenza njengabesifazane), kanye ne-bissu (abapristi ababhekwa njengabanezici zobulili bobabili). Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi ubulili akuwona umqondo we-binary kodwa ububanzi obubanzi.
Amanye amasiko, njengomphakathi wama-hijra eNdiya, ayaqaphela ubulili besithathu obunendawo ekhethekile empilweni yamasiko neyenkolo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umqondo wobulili awuwona wonke umuntu, kodwa ulolongwa yindawo yomphakathi neyesiko umuntu ahlala kuyo.
Ithonya Lesakhiwo Ekwakhiweni Kobulili
Ngokusho kwemibono yesakhiwo, ubulili buvame ukunqunywa yisakhiwo senhlalo somphakathi, okuhlanganisa nezici zezomnotho, zezepolitiki, kanye nezomthetho. Isibonelo, emiphakathini yamadoda, amadoda avame ukubusa ngamandla kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni, kuyilapho abesifazane benikezwa izindima ezingaphansi kakhulu.
Imibono yabesifazane kwezemfundo yabantu ihlaziya lo mbono, ikhomba ukuthi izindima ezingalingani ngokobulili aziwona umphumela wemvelo kodwa zibunjwa yizinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomphakathi. Baphinde baphikise ngokuthi izindima zobulili zingashintsha ngokushintsha kwezakhiwo zomphakathi nezamasiko.
Ubudlelwano Bobulili Namandla
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwano phakathi kobulili namandla nakho kuyinto ekhathazayo kakhulu ku-anthropology. UMichel Foucault, umcabangi we-post-structuralist, uhlole ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani ngezikhungo nezinkulumo ukuze akhe ubunjalo bobulili. Kusukela kulo mbono, ubulili bubonakala njengomphumela wezinqubo zokuxoxisana eziqiniswa yimithethonqubo yezenhlalo kanye nokulawulwa kwezikhungo.
Ubulili Embonweni We-Anthropology
Njengobulili, ubulili buyindlela yokwakha umphakathi ethonywa isiko. I-anthropology igxeka umbono wokuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kanye nokuziphatha ngokocansi kuyimvelo futhi kuyindawo yonke. Izifundo ze-anthropology zibonisa ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kobulili kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emiphakathini.
Ukwehluka Kwamasiko Ekuboniseni Ubulili
Isibonelo, emphakathini waseSambia ePapua New Guinea, kunomkhuba wendabuko lapho abesilisa abasebasha behlanganyela khona ubulili namadoda amadala njengengxenye yokuqalwa kwabo ebudaleni. Lo mkhuba uphonsela inselelo imibono yaseNtshonalanga ebheka ubungqingili njengento evamile emhlabeni wonke.
Kwamanye amasiko ase-Afrika, kunemikhuba efana nokuba nesithembu kanye nokuba ne-polyandry, okunikeza ukuqonda kokuthi ucansi alunakuqondwa kanjani kuphela ngokombono wokuba ne-monogamy eyodwa okuvame ukubhekwa njengento evamile emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga.
Ubulili kanye nokuzibonakalisa
Emphakathini wanamuhla wasemadolobheni, ubunikazi bobulili sebuhlukahlukene futhi buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Inhlangano ye-LGBT+ yandisa ingxoxo ngobulili ngokugcizelela ukuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kanye nobunikazi bobulili akuguquki kodwa kuyashintshashintsha futhi kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isazi sezengqondo zobulili uJudith Butler uphakamise umqondo "wokusebenza kobulili," othi ubulili kanye nobulili kuwumphumela wokusebenza okuphindaphindiwe noma izenzo eziqiniswa yizimiso zomphakathi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ubunikazi bobulili akuyona into "ejulile" noma engaphakathi, kodwa kunalokho yakhiwa ngokusebenzisana komphakathi.
Ukubaluleka Kokwakhiwa Kobulili Nobulili Emongweni Wesimanje
Ukuqonda ukwakhiwa kobulili nobulili ngokombono wesintu kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla, ikakhulukazi emizamweni yokufuna ubulungiswa bezenhlalo kanye nokulingana ngokobulili. Emongweni womhlaba wonke, imiphakathi eminingi yasendaweni ibhekene nezinselele zokugcina ubunjalo bayo bamasiko phakathi kokugeleza kwezindinganiso nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.
Inqubomgomo Yobulili Nokunika Amandla
Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zobulili kungasiza ekwakheni izinqubomgomo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu futhi ezilinganayo. Isibonelo, ukuqaphela ubunikazi bobulili obuhlukahlukene kanye nobulili kungaholela ezinguqukweni zenqubomgomo ezamukelekayo emphakathini we-LGBT+, njengomshado wobulili obufanayo kanye namalungelo okuzala.
Imfundo Yocansi
Kwezemfundo, ukwethula imibono ehlukahlukene yamasiko ngobulili kanye nobulili kungakhuthaza imibono eyinkimbinkimbi negxekayo ngobunikazi kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulweni nokucwasa kanye nemibono evame ukuhlukanisa amaqembu athile.
Ukukhuthazwa Kwempilo Yokuzala
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda ukwehluka kobulili kubalulekile futhi kumongo wempilo yokuzala. Izinqubomgomo zezempilo nezinhlelo ezithinta imikhuba ehlukahlukene yobulili kanye nokulindelwe kuvumela ukungenelela okusebenzayo nokufanelekile ngokwesiko.
I-Penutup
Izifundo zokwakhiwa kobulili kanye nobulili ku-anthropology zibonisa ukuthi ubunikazi bobulili kanye nemikhuba yobulili kuhlukahlukene kakhulu futhi kuyashintshashintsha. Izimo zamasiko, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki zithonya kakhulu indlela abantu abaqonda futhi baveze ngayo ubulili babo kanye nobulili. Ngendlela ebandakanyayo nebucayi, singakha umphakathi oqondayo, owamukelayo, futhi olinganayo kubo bonke ubunikazi.
