# Umqondo Wobulili Ezifundweni Ze-Anthropological
Ubulili buwumqondo oyisisekelo othola ukunakwa okukhulu ezifundweni ze-anthropology. Ucwaningo lobulili ku-anthropology luhlola ukuthi ubunikazi besilisa nabesifazane bakhiwa kanjani, buqondwa kanjani, futhi buphila kanjani emasikweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo wobulili kumongo we-anthropological, silandelele ukuvela kokucabanga kobulili, futhi sihlole ukuthi ubulili bubonwa futhi buchazwa kanjani emiphakathini eyahlukene.
## Ukuqonda Ubulili Ku-Anthropology
Ubulili buyindlela yokwakha umphakathi ehlobene nezindima, ukuziphatha, imisebenzi, kanye nezimfanelo ezibhekwa njengezifanele amadoda nabesifazane ngaphakathi kwesiko elithile. Lo mqondo uhlukile kobulili, okubhekisela ekwehlukeni kwezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izazi ze-anthropology zibheka ubulili njengento eguquguqukayo futhi eguquguqukayo kuwo wonke amasiko, ethonywe yizici ezahlukene ezifana nezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye nomlando.
## Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezifundo Zobulili Kwi-Anthropology
Ucwaningo ngobulili ku-anthropology luye lwashintsha kakhulu selokhu lwasungulwa. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-anthropology, abacwaningi abaningi bagxila kakhulu ezindimeni zendabuko zamadoda nabesifazane emphakathini ngaphandle kokuhlola ubunzima obungemuva kwalezo zindima. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yabesifazane ngawo-1970 kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni izazi ze-anthropology ezibheka ngayo ubulili.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izazi ze-anthropology zabesifazane zaqala ukugqamisa ukuthi izifundo zangaphambilini ze-anthropology zazivame ukubandlulula ngokobulili futhi zinganaki iminikelo yabesifazane emphakathini. Zagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nemibono yabesifazane ukuze kutholakale isithombe esiphelele samasiko. Lokhu kwaholela ekuveleni komqondo "we-anthropology yobulili," ohlanganisa kakhulu futhi ogxeka izindinganiso zobulili ezikhona.
## Imibono Yobulili Emasikweni Ahlukahlukene
Enye yengcebo yezifundo ze-anthropology yikhono layo lokubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono ngobulili kuwo wonke amasiko. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zemibono ehlukene ngobulili kuwo wonke amasiko emhlabeni jikelele:
### Ubulili Emiphakathini YaseMelika Yomdabu
Eminye imiphakathi yamaNdiya aseMelika inemibono ehlukene ngobulili kunemiphakathi yaseNtshonalanga. Ezinye izizwe ziyaqaphela umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi "uMoya Omabili," obhekisela kubantu abahlanganisa izici zobudoda nezesifazane. UMoya Omabili uyahlonishwa kwamanye amasiko futhi ubhekwa njengenendima ebalulekile emphakathini nangokomoya.
### Ubulili e-Hijra Society eNdiya
AmaHijra ayiqembu eliqashelwa ngokobulili eNdiya, elivame ukubonwa njengelingathathi hlangothi noma elingaphandle kohlaka lwesibili lwabesilisa nabesifazane. AmaHijra avame ukuba nezindima ezikhethekile emikhosini yenkolo nasemikhosini, futhi aqashelwa uhlelo lwezomthetho lwaseNdiya njengobulili besithathu. Ucwaningo lwamaHijra lusize ekwembuleni ubunzima bobunikazi bobulili ngale kohlelo lwesibili oluvamile eNtshonalanga.
### Umphakathi waseBugis eNingizimu yeSulawesi
Abantu baseBugi baseNingizimu Sulawesi, e-Indonesia, banokuqonda okuthakazelisayo ngobulili, beqaphela izigaba ezinhlanu zobulili: i-oroané (amadoda), i-makunrai (abesifazane), i-calabai (amadoda enza njengabesifazane), i-calalai (abesifazane abenza njengabesilisa), kanye ne-bissu (abapristi be-androgynous ababhekwa njengabangcwele). Lolu hlelo lobulili luqaphela futhi lugubha ukuhlukahluka kobunikazi bobulili kanye nezindima emphakathini wabo.
## Izincazelo Zemfundiso Zobulili
I-anthropology yobulili ithonywe izindlela ezahlukahlukene zethiyori, ezisize ekwembuleni izinhlangothi ezahlukene zalo mqondo. Ezinye izindlela zakudala zethiyori ze-anthropology yobulili zifaka:
### Ukusebenza Kwesakhiwo
Le ndlela igxile endleleni izindima zobulili ezisekela ngayo isakhiwo senhlalo kanye nokulinganisela emphakathini. Abacwaningi bemibono abafana noRadcliffe-Brown noMalinowski bathi ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi ngokobulili kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza komphakathi. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ivame ukugxekwa ngokuthambekela ekugcineni isimo esikhona ngaphandle kokubhekana nokungalingani ngokobulili.
### UbuMarxism kanye Nokuthanda Izinto Ezibonakalayo Komlando
Indlela yobuMarxist iqokomisa ubudlelwano phakathi kobulili kanye nezomnotho, kanye nendlela uhlelo lobungxowankulu oluthinta ngayo umehluko wobulili. Abacabangi be-feminist abangamaMarxist abanjengoHartmann bagcizelela ukuthi ukucindezelwa kwabesifazane akubangelwa nje kuphela ubuzwe kodwa futhi nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho ngaphakathi kohlelo lobungxowankulu.
### Ubufeminisi kanye ne-Postmodernism
Ubufeministi buletha umbono obaluleke kakhulu ezindinganisweni zobulili kanye nokungalingani ngokobulili emphakathini. Ubufeministi be-Second-wave bugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane kanye nokulwela ukulingana ngokobulili. Okwamanje, ubufeministi be-postmodern bubeka phambili ukuhlukahluka kobunikazi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kobulili, futhi bulahla imibono ebalulekile yamadoda nabesifazane.
### Ithiyori YamaQueer
Ithiyori ye-Queer iphonsela inselelo ubunikazi bobulili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane futhi yethula ububanzi obubanzi bobunikazi bobulili. Izazi ze-Queer ezifana noJudith Butler zithi ubulili buyindlela yokusebenza; okungukuthi, bubunjwa yizenzo eziphindaphindwayo kanye nokuziphatha ngaphakathi komongo wezenhlalo. Le ndlela ivula ukuqonda okuguquguqukayo nokuyinkimbinkimbi kobunikazi bobulili.
## Ubulili kanye Namandla
Ucwaningo lobulili ku-anthropology luhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kobudlelwano bamandla obukhona ekwakhiweni kobulili emphakathini. Isazi sefilosofi kanye nesazi sezenhlalo uMichel Foucault unegalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani ekwakhiweni kobunikazi bobulili. Ngokusho kukaFoucault, amandla awagcini nje ngokuvimbela nokucindezela kodwa futhi akhiqiza ulwazi kanye nobunikazi.
UFoucault uchaze indlela izikhungo ezifana nomndeni, imfundo, kanye nombuso ezidlala ngayo indima ekwakheni izindinganiso zobulili kanye nokulawula ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, isifundo sobulili ku-anthropology asibandakanyi nje kuphela ukuhlaziya umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, kodwa futhi nokuhlaziya indlela amandla asebenza ngayo ngezinqubo zomphakathi ukuze akhe ubuwena bobulili.
## Isiphetho
Ucwaningo lobulili ku-anthropology lunikeza ukuqonda okubaluleke kakhulu kokuthi amasiko ahlukene aqonda futhi acabanga kanjani ngobulili. Ngokubheka ngale kwemikhuba yobulili eyamukelekayo, i-anthropology yobulili isisiza ukuba siqonde ukuhlukahluka kwabantu futhi inselele imibono ekhawulelayo mayelana nezindima zobulili kanye nobunikazi. Esimweni somhlaba wonke esishintshayo, ucwaningo lwe-anthropology ngobulili lubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ubunzima bobudlelwano babantu kanye nokulwela ukulingana nokufakwa kwabo bonke ubunikazi bobulili.
