I-Anthropology Yenkolo kanye Nokufundwa Kwesiko
I-Pendahuluan
I-anthropology yenkolo iyigatsha le-anthropology elihlola ngqo izinkolelo zenkolo, imikhuba, kanye nezikhungo emasikweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Ukugxila kwalesi sifundo ukuqonda incazelo kanye nomsebenzi wemikhuba, izinganekwane, kanye nezimpawu ezihlobene nenkolo. I-anthropology yenkolo ibheka inkolo hhayi nje njengento engokomoya kuphela kodwa futhi njengento yomphakathi ethonya izici ezahlukene zokuphila komuntu.
Isiko liyisici esibalulekile esifundweni senkolo se-anthropological. Amasiko angaba yizenzo eziphindaphindwayo ezinezinhloso ezithile futhi avame ukuhlotshaniswa nezenzakalo ezibalulekile empilweni yomuntu noma emphakathini, njengokuzalwa, umshado, nokufa. Ukufunda amasiko kusisiza siqonde izindlela abantu namaqembu abaxhumana ngazo nomhlaba ongokomoya nokuthi amasiko angabumba kanjani ubuwena bomphakathi kanye nobumbano.
Incazelo ye-Anthropology Yenkolo
I-anthropology yenkolo iwucwaningo lokuthi izinkolelo nemikhuba yenkolo yakha kanjani futhi ithonywa kanjani izimo ezithile zamasiko nezenhlalo. Ihlanganisa izindlela nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda incazelo engokomfanekiso nesebenzayo yenkolo empilweni yansuku zonke. I-anthropology yenkolo ayihloli nje kuphela izinkolo ezinkulu njengobuKristu, ubuSulumane, ubuHindu, nobuBuddha, kodwa futhi nezinkolo zendabuko kanye nemiphakathi emincane, engaziwa kangako.
Izazi ze-anthropology zenkolo zivame ukusebenzisa izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu njenge-ethnography ukuze zibone futhi ziqophe ukuziphatha kwenkolo. Zingahlala emphakathini othile isikhathi eside, zifunde ulimi, futhi zenze izingxoxo ezijulile namalungu omphakathi. Lolu lwazi lube seluhlaziywa ukuze kutholakale izingqikithi ezihlobene nezinkolelo nemikhuba yenkolo.
Umqondo kanye Nomsebenzi Wezinkambiso
Amasiko ayizenzo eziphindaphindwayo ezivame ukuba nesakhiwo esiqinile. Lezi zenzo ngokuvamile zinencazelo engokomfanekiso futhi zihlose ukufeza imiphumela ethile, kungaba ngokomoya, ngokwenhlalo, noma ngokwengqondo. Ku-anthropology yenkolo, amasiko avame ukubhekwa njengamathuluzi okuxazulula ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
UVictor Turner, isazi sesayensi yabantu esidumile, wabiza amasiko ngokuthi “imicimbi yomphakathi ehlelekile,” okusho ukuthi anokulandelana okucacile nokubikezelwayo. La masiko avame ukuhambisana nezimpawu ezinencazelo ejulile kubahlanganyeli. UTurner uphinde wethula umqondo “wobuncane” emasikweni, isigaba sokuguquka ngaphakathi komkhosi ovumela abantu ukuba basuke kwesinye isimo senhlalo baye kwesinye.
UClifford Geertz, omunye isazi sesayensi yabantu, ugcizelele ukubaluleka komongo wamasiko ekuqondeni isiko. Uthe isiko "siyisibonelo" (isibonelo somhlaba) kanye "nesibonelo" (isithombe somhlaba). Lokhu kusho ukuthi isiko aligcini nje ngokubonisa iqiniso kodwa futhi libumba indlela abahlanganyeli ababheka ngayo umhlaba obazungezile.
Isigaba Sesiko
Amasiko angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezahlukene, njengenhloso, isimo, kanye nomongo wezenhlalo. Nazi ezinye zezigaba ezivamile esifundweni samasiko:
1. Amasiko Okudlulela Esigabeni Esithile: La masiko aphawula ukuguquka komuntu kusuka kwesinye isigaba sokuphila kuya kwesinye. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imikhosi yokuthwasa, imishado, kanye nemingcwabo.
2. Amasiko Okubambisana: La masiko aqinisa izibopho zomphakathi kanye nobunikazi beqembu. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imikhosi yenkolo yamasonto onke noma imikhosi yaminyaka yonke.
3. Amasiko Enhlekelele: La masiko enziwa ezimweni zenhlekelele noma ukungaqiniseki ukuze kufuneke usizo olungaphezu kwemvelo noma ukuze kuthuliswe isimo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imithandazo noma imikhosi eyenziwa ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zemvelo.
4. Amasiko Okuqhubeka: La masiko enziwa ukuze kulondolozwe isimo samanje noma ibhalansi yomphakathi. Isibonelo umcimbi wokulima owenzelwa ukugcina inhlabathi ivundile.
Ucwaningo Lwecala: Amasiko Emasikweni Ahlukene
Ukuze sinikeze isithombe esicacile sendlela amasiko asebenza ngayo emasikweni ahlukene, nansi izibonelo ezithile eziqondile ezivela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba:
1. Isiko Lokuthwasa Esizweni SamaMaasai, eKenya
Abantu baseMaasai baseKenya banomkhuba wokuqalisa oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ongokomfanekiso. Kuyinqubo ende ehilela izigaba eziningana, kusukela ekusokeni kuya esikhathini sokuhlukaniswa lapho amadoda efunda khona izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo yamalungu amadala esizwe. Le mikhuba isebenza ekufundiseni amasiko nokuqinisa izibopho zomphakathi phakathi kwamalungu esizwe.
2. Umkhosi Wangaben e-Bali, Indonesia
I-Ngaben ngumcimbi wokushiswa kwesidumbu wamaHindu waseBalinese ohilela amasiko ayinkimbinkimbi izinsuku eziningana. Ukushiswa kwesidumbu kukholakala ukuthi kukhulula umoya emzimbeni bese kuwuyisa ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Lolu chungechunge lwamasiko luhilela umphakathi obanzi futhi lusebenza ekuqiniseni ubumbano lomphakathi kanye nokunikeza induduzo engokomoya emndenini oshonelwe.
3. Usuku Lwabafileyo eMexico
Usuku Lwabafileyo (i-Día de los Muertos) luwumkhosi waminyaka yonke eMexico ogubha futhi ukhumbule abafileyo. Lo mkhosi uhilela ukudala ama-altare anezithombe nezinto zomuntu oshonile, ukudla nezimbali. Lo mkhuba ubonisa ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo phakathi kokuphila nokufa futhi uhilela wonke umphakathi emcimbini wokuhlangana.
Imisebenzi Yezenhlalo Neyengqondo Yezinkambiso
Amasiko anemisebenzi eyahlukene yezenhlalo neyengqondo. Emphakathini, amasiko aqinisa ubumbano kanye nokubumbana kweqembu. Ngokuhlanganyela ngokuhlanganyela emikhosini yamasiko, abantu bazizwa beyingxenye yomphakathi omkhulu. Lokhu kunikeza ubunikazi obuhlangene futhi kunciphisa imizwa yokuzihlukanisa.
Ngokwengqondo, amasiko angaletha ukuzola nenduduzo. Ezikhathini zobunzima noma ukungaqiniseki, amasiko anikeza umuzwa wokulawula nokubikezela. Lokhu kusiza abantu ukuba babhekane nokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka. Amasiko angasebenza futhi njengethuluzi lokuqonda nokugcina injongo empilweni, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zoshintsho olukhulu noma ukulahlekelwa.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology yenkolo kanye nokufunda ngamasiko kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezindlela inkolo kanye nemikhuba engokomoya eyakheka futhi yakhiwe ngazo yizimo zenhlalo namasiko. Isiko liyingxenye ebalulekile yalolu cwaningo, linikeza ilensi yokuqonda incazelo engokomfanekiso kanye nomsebenzi wezenhlalo wemikhuba yenkolo. Ngokuhlola ngokujulile amasiko kuwo wonke amasiko, singathola ukufana kanye nomehluko okuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokutadisha okuphelele, i-anthropology yenkolo ayigcini nje ngokwandisa ulwazi lwethu lwezemfundo kodwa futhi inikeza izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda ukuhlukahluka kanye nobunzima bempilo engokomoya neyenhlalo emhlabeni jikelele.
