Ukuhunyushwa Kwezimpawu Nezinganekwane Ku-Anthropology
Ku-anthropology, izimpawu nezinganekwane kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa ukuqonda isiko labantu. Lezi zinto ezimbili azisebenzi nje kuphela njengendlela yokuveza nokudlulisa izindinganiso, izimiso, nezinkolelo, kodwa futhi zisebenza njengokubonakaliswa kobunzima bomphakathi nendlela osebenzisana ngayo nomhlaba owuzungezile. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi izazi ze-anthropology zihumusha kanjani izimpawu nezinganekwane emphakathini nokuthi lezi zinto zakha futhi zibonise kanjani ubunjalo bamasiko.
Izimpawu ku-Anthropology
Uphawu luwuphawu, isithombe, noma into ephethe incazelo ekhethekile eqashelwa ngaphakathi kwesiko elithile. Ngokusho kukaClifford Geertz, omunye wabantu abaphambili ku-anthropology engokomfanekiso, izimpawu zingadlulisa imiyalezo ejulile kakhulu neyinkimbinkimbi. UGeertz waphikisana ngokuthi isiko luhlelo lwezincazelo ezingokomfanekiso, futhi umsebenzi wesazi se-anthropologist ukuqonda lezi zincazelo ngendlela engaqondwa yibo bobabili abangaphandle kanye namalungu esiko uqobo.
Izimpawu zingatholakala ngezindlela eziningi, okuhlanganisa ulimi, izinto zobuciko, amasiko, kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi. Isibonelo, emasikweni amaningi, imibala ethile inezincazelo eziqinile zomfanekiso; umhlophe uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobumsulwa nokuzalwa, kanti umnyama ungase uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokufa noma usizi.
Indlela Yokuchaza Izimpawu
Izazi ze-anthropology zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuhumusha izimpawu. Enye indlela eyaziwayo yindlela yokuhumusha eyasungulwa nguGeertz. Le ndlela ibheka izimpawu hhayi nje kuphela njengamathuluzi okuxhumana kodwa futhi njengezibonakaliso zombono womphakathi. UGeertz uchaze izimpawu ngokuthi "amamodeli kanye namamodeli," okusho ukuthi izimpawu azibonisi nje kuphela iqiniso lomphakathi kodwa futhi ziyalibumba.
Isibonelo sale ndlela singatholakala ocwaningweni lukaGeertz lomcimbi wokuhlatshwa kwenkukhu eBalinese. Kulo mkhosi, izenzo nezinto zobuciko ezisetshenzisiwe zigcwele incazelo engokomfanekiso, okubonisa isakhiwo senhlalo , ubudlelwano bamandla, kanye nezindinganiso ezibalulekile zomphakathi waseBalinese. UGeertz ugcizelele ukuthi ukuqonda incazelo engokomfanekiso esimweni samasiko kudinga ukuzibandakanya okujulile kanye nokuchazwa okucebile.
Izinganekwane Njengendaba Engokomfanekiso
Njengezimpawu, izinganekwane nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekudluliseni izindinganiso zamasiko nezinkolelo. Izinganekwane ziyiqoqo lezindaba nezinganekwane ezichaza imvelaphi yomphakathi, umlando, onkulunkulu, namaqhawe. Izinganekwane zivame ukusebenza njengendlela yokuthi imiphakathi iphendule imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nemvelaphi yomhlaba nendawo yesintu kuwo.
UMircea Eliade, isazi esihamba phambili sezifundo zenkolo, wayekholelwa ukuthi izinganekwane zisebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezwe lansuku zonke nezinto ezingcwele. Ngokusho kuka-Eliade, izinganekwane azigcini nje ngokudlulisela izindaba ezilula kodwa futhi ziveza okuhlangenwe nakho okudlulele kanye nezakhiwo ze-cosmological ezibalulekile emphakathini.
Ukuhunyushwa Kwezinganekwane Ku-Anthropology
Ukuchazwa kwezinganekwane ku-anthropology kuvame ukuhilela ukuhlaziywa okuseduze kwezimpawu ezikhona ezindabeni zezinganekwane. Enye indlela yokuhlaziya izinganekwane ukubona ukuthi izakhi zendaba zibonisa kanjani isakhiwo somphakathi . UClaude Lévi-Strauss, isazi se-anthropologist, waphikisana ngokuthi izinganekwane emhlabeni wonke zabelana ngesakhiwo esiyisisekelo, ezibonisa indlela abantu abahlela ngayo imicabango yabo.
ULévi-Strauss wasebenzisa indlela yokwakha ukuhlaziya izinganekwane. Wafuna ukuthola "isakhiwo esijulile" esisekela zonke izinganekwane ngokuhlangana kwazo nokuphikisana okubili njengokuphila nokufa, imvelo namasiko, noma isiphithiphithi nokuhleleka. Ngokubona lesi sakhiwo, uLévi-Strauss wafuna ukuqonda ukuthi abantu basebenzisa kanjani izinganekwane ukuze bazulazule ezindaweni zabo zenhlalo nezemvelo.
Izimpawu kanye Nezinganekwane Ezindaweni Eziningana
Amasiko ahlukene emhlabeni wonke anezindlela ezihlukile zokusebenzisa izimpawu nezinganekwane ukuveza imibono yawo yomhlaba. Ake sibheke izibonelo ezivela kumasiko ambalwa ahlukene:
1. Isiko lamaMaori eNew Zealand:
– Izimpawu: I-Tatau (tattoo) emasikweni amaMaori akuyona nje indlela yobuciko bomzimba kodwa futhi iwuphawu lwesikhundla senhlalo, ifa, kanye nobuzwe. Amaphethini asetshenziswa kuma-tattoo amaMaori avame ukuhlotshaniswa nozalo kanye nezindaba zokhokho.
– Izinganekwane: Inganekwane yokudalwa kwamaMaori ilandisa ngonkulunkulu ababalulekile, njengoRanginui (unkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka) noPapatuanuku (umama womhlaba), abahlukaniswa ngabantwana babo ukuze badale umhlaba. Le ndaba ayichazi nje kuphela imvelaphi yendawo yonke kodwa futhi igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzwana nokulinganisela empilweni.
1. Isiko lamaYoruba eNigeria:
– Izimpawu: Imigexo ye-Ifá kanye nokubhula kuyizimpawu ezibalulekile enkolweni yendabuko yamaYoruba. Imigexo isetshenziswa abapristi be-Ifá ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu nokunikeza isiqondiso esingokomoya.
– Izinganekwane: Izinganekwane zamaYoruba zivame ukuhilela onkulunkulu noma ama-orisha, njengo-Ogun (unkulunkulu wensimbi nempi) no-Oshun (unkulunkulukazi wothando namanzi). I-orisha ngayinye inezindaba nezimfanelo ezithile, ezibonisa izindinganiso kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila kwabantu baseYoruba.
Ukubaluleka Okusebenzayo Kwezimpawu Nezinganekwane
Ngaphandle kokuba amathuluzi okuhumusha nokuchaza, izimpawu nezinganekwane nazo zinokubaluleka okusebenzayo emiphakathini. Zidlala indima ebalulekile emikhosini yenkolo, emthethweni wesintu , emfundweni, kanye nokwakheka kobunikazi obuhlangene. Isibonelo, amasiko ahilela izimpawu ezingcwele angaqinisa ubumbano lomphakathi futhi aqinisekise ukudluliselwa okubushelelezi kwamasiko kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye.
Esimweni sanamuhla, ukuqonda izimpawu nezinganekwane kubalulekile futhi ekuqondeni ubuningi bamasiko nokugwema izingxabano ezivela ekungaqondani kwamasiko. Lokhu kubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlonipha ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko kanye nemibono yomhlaba ehlukene emphakathini wanamuhla.
Iyavala
Izimpawu nezinganekwane ku-anthropology zisebenza njengezindlela zokuqonda ukuthi abantu bakha kanjani, balondoloze futhi baxhumane kanjani nomhlaba wabo. Ngokuchaza izimpawu nezinganekwane, izazi ze-anthropologist zingathola izincazelo ezijulile zemikhuba yamasiko kanye nemibono yomhlaba eyembulwa ngemuva kwamasiko kanye nezinganekwane.
Izindlela zokuhumusha ezisetshenziswa ososayensi bendabuko yabantu abanjengoGeertz noLevi-Strauss zisivumela ukuthi sibheke ngaphansi kobuso bezindlela zokuveza amasiko futhi siqonde isakhiwo kanye nokuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yabantu. Ngalolu lwazi, singakuqonda kangcono ukuhlukahluka komhlaba wethu futhi sicebise indlela esibona futhi sisebenzisana ngayo namasiko ahlukene. Izimpawu nezinganekwane, kukho konke ukuceba kwazo kanye nobunzima bazo, ziyizinto ezibalulekile ezisenza sibe ngabantu.
