Ukuqonda Umphakathi: Umbono We-Anthropological
I-Anthropology, isifundo esiphelele nesiqhathanisayo sobuntu, inikeza ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi semiphakathi yabantu. Ngobubanzi bayo bezindlela kanye nokujula kwamasiko, i-anthropology ibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni ubunzima bokuziphatha kwabantu, izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-anthropology esiza ngayo ekuqondeni umphakathi, siqokomisa indlela yayo enezici eziningi yokuhlaziya impilo yabantu.
Umongo Womlando Nokuvela Kwe-Anthropology
I-Anthropology, njengesifundo sezemfundo, yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ekuqaleni, yayigxile kakhulu ekwakheni kabusha umlando wesintu ngeso lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamasiko. Izazi zokuqala ze-anthropology ezifana noLewis Henry Morgan no-EB Tylor zazifuna ukuhlukanisa imiphakathi ngokwezigaba kusukela 'kokunonya' kuya 'kokuphucuzeka.' Le ndlela, nakuba manje ibhekwa njengegxile ekubambisaneni kohlanga, yabeka isisekelo sezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Lo mkhakha usuvele wathuthuka, wamukela ukuhlobana kwamasiko, umqondo okhuthazwa nguFranz Boas, othi amasiko awakwazi ukubekwa ngokwezigaba kodwa kufanele aqondwe ngokwemigomo yawo. Lokhu kushintsha kwendlela yokuphila kube yinto ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda okuzwelana kakhulu nokuphelele kwemiphakathi eyahlukahlukene.
I-Anthropology Yamasiko Neminikelo Yayo
I-anthropology yamasiko igxila ezindleleni abantu abaqonda ngazo umhlaba obazungezile. Lokhu ikwenza nge-ethnography, isifundo esijulile sabantu ezindaweni zabo. I-Ethnography ivumela izazi ze-anthropology ukuthi ziqoqe idatha enemininingwane, enezici, zembule izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi isiko elibumba ngazo abantu kanye nemiphakathi.
Ukuqonda Izikhungo Zezenhlalo
Enye indlela eyisisekelo i-anthropology esiza ngayo ekuqondeni umphakathi ukuhlola izikhungo zomphakathi ezifana nomndeni, inkolo, imfundo, kanye nohulumeni. Ngokutadisha lezi zikhungo ngokwesiko elihlukahlukene, izazi ze-anthropology zikhomba zombili izakhi zomhlaba wonke kanye nezinto ezithile zamasiko. Isibonelo, ngenkathi umndeni uyisikhungo somhlaba wonke, isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kwamanye amasiko, imindeni ehlala ndawonye iyinto evamile, kanti kwamanye, imindeni yenuzi iyabusa. Ukuqonda okunjalo kusiza ekwaziseni ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlangano zomphakathi zabantu.
Ukuvula Izinhlelo Ezingokomfanekiso
Izazi ze-anthropology ziphinde zihlole izinhlelo zezimpawu, okuhlanganisa ulimi, amasiko, kanye nezinganekwane, ezibalulekile ekwakheni imikhuba namagugu omphakathi. Umqondo kaClifford Geertz "wencazelo ebanzi" uyisibonelo sale ndlela, ukhuthaza ukuchazwa kwezimpawu zamasiko ngaphakathi kokujula kwazo komongo. Ngokuqonda lezi zimpawu, izazi ze-anthropology zinganquma izindinganiso nezinkolelo eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa umphakathi ndawonye.
I-Anthropology Yezenhlalo kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwamandla
I-anthropology yezenhlalo igxile emikhubeni yezenhlalo kanye nemiphumela yayo emandleni nasekungalinganini. Ihlola indlela amazinga ezenhlalo akhiwa futhi agcinwa ngayo. Iminikelo ephawulekayo kule ndawo ifaka phakathi inkolelo-mbono kaPierre Bourdieu ye-habitus kanye nokuhlaziywa kukaMichel Foucault kobudlelwano bamandla. Le mibono ikhanyisa indlela izakhiwo zomphakathi ezibumba ngayo ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuphikisana nalokho.
Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho
I-Anthropology inikeza amathuluzi okuqonda izimbangela eziyinhloko kanye nokubonakaliswa kokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Izifundo ze-Ethnographic ezindaweni ezahlukene zibonise ukuthi ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuhlobene kanjani nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo, njengohlanga, ubulili, kanye nobuzwe. Ngokubhala phansi lezi zindlela zokuhlangana, izazi ze-anthropology zinegalelo ekungeneleleni kwenqubomgomo okuphumelelayo okuhloswe ukunciphisa ukungalingani.
Izakhiwo Zezombusazwe Nokubusa
Ukuqonda izakhiwo zezombusazwe kanye nokubusa ngokusebenzisa iso le-anthropology kuhilela ukubheka izikhungo ezisemthethweni kanye nemikhuba engahlelekile. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kombuso kuya ekubuseni kwendawo, izazi ze-anthropology zihlola ukuthi amandla axoxiswana futhi asetshenziswa kanjani. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni izingxabano kanye nemizamo yokwakha ukuthula, lapho ukuqonda amandla endawo kanye nobudlelwano bamandla kubalulekile.
I-Anthropology Yezokwelapha kanye Nempilo
I-anthropology yezokwelapha ibonisa ukuthi izinkolelo nemikhuba yamasiko ithinta kanjani impilo kanye nenhlalakahle. Le nsimu encane ihlola ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, indawo ezungezile, kanye namasiko ekwakheni ukuziphatha kwezempilo kanye nemiphumela.
Izinhlelo Nemikhuba Yezempilo
Ngokutadisha izinhlelo zezempilo zendabuko nezesimanje, izazi ze-anthropology zezokwelapha zembula izimo zamasiko zemikhuba yezempilo. Isibonelo, kwamanye amasiko, ukusetshenziswa kwabelaphi bendabuko kuvame kakhulu futhi kuhambisana nemikhuba yezokwelapha yesimanje. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo kusiza ekwakheni izindlela zokwelapha ezithinta amasiko ezivame ukwamukelwa futhi zisebenze kahle.
Ukungenelela Kwezempilo Yomphakathi
Izazi ze-anthropology zidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenelela kuyacabangela izimo zamasiko. Ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwe-Ebola eNtshonalanga Afrika, isibonelo, izazi ze-anthropology zasiza ekwakheni amasu okuxhumana ahambisana nabantu bendawo, ngaleyo ndlela zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinyathelo zezempilo.
I-Anthropology Esetshenziswayo kanye Noshintsho Lomphakathi
I-anthropology esetshenziswayo isebenzisa izindlela ze-anthropology kanye nemibono ukubhekana nezinkinga zangempela. Lokhu kusebenza okusebenzayo kubalulekile ezindaweni ezifana nentuthuko, imfundo, kanye namalungelo abantu.
Amaphrojekthi Wokuthuthukisa
Kumaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa, izazi ze-anthropology zisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zifanelekile ngokwesiko futhi zizinzile. Zihlola izidingo, zisebenzisana nemiphakathi yasendaweni, futhi zihlole umthelela wokungenelela. Le nqubo iyasiza ekudaleni izinhlelo ezingagcini nje ngokusebenza kahle kodwa futhi ezihlonipha amasiko endawo.
Amalungelo Abantu Nokumela
Izazi ze-anthropology zilwela imiphakathi ehlukunyeziwe ngokubhala phansi ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu nokukhulisa ulwazi mayelana nokungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo. Umsebenzi wazo uvame ukubandakanya ukubambisana nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze kunikezwe amandla imiphakathi futhi kuthonye izinguquko zenqubomgomo.
Isiphetho: Ilensi Ye-Anthropological
Ekuphetheni, i-anthropology inikeza ithuluzi eliphelele lokuqonda umphakathi. Ukugcizelela kwayo ekuzivumelaniseni kwamasiko, ucwaningo olujulile lwe-ethnographic, kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwamasiko kuvumela ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezikhungo zomphakathi, izinhlelo ezingokomfanekiso, amandla, imikhuba yezempilo, kanye nokungenelela okusetshenzisiwe.
Umbono we-anthropology ubaluleke kakhulu ezweni elihlangene nomhlaba wonke, lapho ukuqonda nokwazisa ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ubumbano lomphakathi kanye nokubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke. Ngokukhanyisa izindlela eziningi abantu abahlela ngazo izimpilo zabo futhi bazigcwalise ngencazelo, i-anthropology ijulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yingxenye yomphakathi.
Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka nokukhula, ukuqonda okuhlinzekwa yi-anthropology kuzohlala kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nobunzima bempilo yabantu, ukukhuthaza ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, kanye nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yemiphakathi emhlabeni jikelele.
