I-Anthropology Yezinhlelo Zemfundo Nezokufunda: Ukuhlola Okuphelele
I-Anthropology, enezinhlobonhlobo zayo eziningi zokufunda imiphakathi yabantu, amasiko, kanye nentuthuko yabo, inikeza ukuqonda okujulile uma kusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zemfundo kanye nezindlela zokufunda. Ngenkathi izinhlelo zemfundo ziye zashintsha kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka, zihlanganisa intuthuko ehlukahlukene yamasiko, yezenhlalo, kanye nezobuchwepheshe, imibono yabantu ihlukanisa ngokukhethekile ubunzima bayo, yembula ukuthi izimo zamasiko zibumba kanjani okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda kanye nokuphikisana nalokho.
Ukuqonda i-Anthropology kwezemfundo
I-anthropology yemfundo ihlola ukuthi izakhiwo zokufunda nezinqubo zihlangana kanjani ngokuyisisekelo ne-dynamics yamasiko. Ngokuhlola izinto zobuciko ezingokomfanekiso, amasiko, nezakhiwo zomphakathi ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokufunda, izazi ze-anthropology zifuna ukuqonda hhayi nje kuphela lokho okufundiswayo, kodwa ukuthi kanjani nokuthi kungani izinhlelo ezithile zolwazi kanye nezindlela zokufundisa zithatha indawo yokuqala kunezinye. Le ndlela ebanzi ibheka izindawo ezisemthethweni njengezikole namayunivesithi, kanye nezindawo ezingahlelekile njengemindeni, imibuthano yomphakathi, kanye nokufunda endaweni yokusebenza.
Ngokombono wesayensi yabantu, imfundo akuyona nje ukudluliselwa kolwazi lwezemfundo kodwa ingxoxo eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabafundi kanye nesimo sabo senhlalo namasiko. Lokhu kuxhumana kudala ubunikazi bomuntu ngamunye, izikhundla zomphakathi, kanye nemikhuba yamasiko ehlangene.
Izimo Zamasiko Nezindlela Zokufundisa
Enye yemiqondo eyisisekelo ku-anthropology yemfundo ukuthi ikharikhulamu namasu emfundo agxile kakhulu kumasiko. Isibonelo, imikhuba yokufundisa emiphakathini yomdabu ivame ukuhluka kakhulu kumamodeli emfundo aseNtshonalanga. Umsebenzi kaMaria Paula Meneses ezinhlelweni zolwazi lwase-Afrika ugcizelela indlela imikhuba yomdabu ekhuthaza ngayo ubumbano lomphakathi namakhono asebenzayo okuxazulula izinkinga, kucatshangelwa amasiko omlomo, imisebenzi yomphakathi, kanye nendlela yokuphila ephelele.
Ngokufanayo, ezimweni eziningi zemfundo zase-Asia, amafilosofi kaConfucian agcizelela inhlonipho ngegunya, ukukhuthala, kanye nobuqotho bokuziphatha komfundi, ahluke ezindleleni zokufundisa zaseNtshonalanga ezivame ukubeka phambili ukucabanga okubucayi, ukuzimela, kanye nemibuzo eqondile.
Umthelela Wokuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akushintshi nje kuphela isimo sezomnotho nezepolitiki kodwa futhi kushintshe izindlela zemfundo. Izazi zemvelaphi yabantu uKathleen Hall noJoe Tobin, phakathi kwabanye, zihlole ukuthi ukugeleza kwemibono, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nezinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke kuthinta kanjani imikhuba yemfundo yendawo. Ukwethulwa kwezinqubomgomo zemfundo jikelele kanye nokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kuyisibonelo esisodwa lapho amamodeli emfundo aseNtshonalanga engqubuzana namasiko endawo, okuvame ukuholela ekufudukeni okukhulu kwamasiko kanye nokulahlekelwa yimikhuba yemfundo yendawo.
Isibonelo, ukungeniswa kwemfundo yesitayela saseNtshonalanga emiphakathini yangemva kobukoloni ngezinye izikhathi kuphazamisa izinhlelo zolwazi lwendabuko kanye nezilimi, okunegalelo kulokho ezinye izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi 'ubukoloniyali bamasiko'. Izifundo ze-anthropology ziqokomisa isidingo sokufundisa okuphendulayo ngamasiko okuhlonipha nokuhlanganisa amasiko endawo ezinhlelweni zemfundo zanamuhla.
I-Ethnography kuCwaningo Lwezemfundo
Izindlela ze-ethnographic zibalulekile ku-anthropology yemfundo, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bazicwilise ezindaweni zemfundo abazifundayo. Lokhu kucwiliswa kunikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilwa ngabafundi nabafundisi. Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile kulo mkhakha umqondo kaJean Lave no-Etienne Wenger "wokufunda okusesimeni," obonisa ukuthi ukufunda kuyinqubo yomphakathi ngokwemvelo, eyenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza emikhubeni yomphakathi kunokuba kube yimfundo efundisayo eyedwa.
Ucwaningo lwe-ethnographic ezindaweni zemfundo luvame ukwembula izinhlelo zezifundo ezifihliwe kanye namakhodi amasiko angacacile abumba okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda. Uphenyo mayelana nokusebenzisana ekilasini, ubudlelwano bothisha nabafundi, kanye nemikhuba yesikole lunikeza idatha ecebile yokuthi ukuguquguquka komphakathi kuthonya kanjani imiphumela yezemfundo futhi kuqhubekisele phambili noma kuphonsele inselelo ukungalingani komphakathi.
Imfundo Nokuxhumana Nabantu
Kusukela ekubukeni kwabantu, imfundo iyindlela eyinhloko yokwenza umphakathi ube yingxenye yomphakathi - inqubo lapho abantu baba amalungu asebenzayo omphakathi wabo. Izikole zibhekwa njengezinkundla lapho izindinganiso zamasiko, izimiso, kanye nezindima zomphakathi zidluliselwa futhi ziqiniswa khona. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo ingaba nezinhlangothi ezimbili, isebenza kokubili ukugcina isimo samanje kanye nezindawo zokumelana noshintsho.
Isibonelo, umsebenzi kaPaulo Freire mayelana nokufundisa okubucayi ukhuthaza umkhuba wezemfundo onika abafundi amandla okubuza nokuphonsela inselelo izimo zomphakathi ezicindezelayo. Imibono kaFreire ethi "conscientização" (ukuqonda okubucayi) kanye nokufunda okuxoxisanayo kugcizelela amandla okuguqula imfundo. Umsebenzi wakhe ugcizelela ukuhlangana kwemfundo, isiko, namandla, ekhuthaza izindlela zokufundisa ezingagcini nje ngokudlulisela ulwazi kodwa futhi ezikhuthaza ukucabanga okubucayi kanye nokuzibandakanya komphakathi.
Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nemfundo
Insimu ekhulayo yobuchwepheshe bezemfundo iphinde yathola ukunakwa kososayensi be-anthropology abahlola ukuthi amathuluzi edijithali nezinsizakusebenza ziguqula kanjani izindawo zokufunda. Ubuchwepheshe obufana namapulatifomu okufunda aku-inthanethi, isofthiwe yezemfundo, namathuluzi okuxhumana edijithali buyakha kabusha imikhuba yemfundo yendabuko futhi buvumela ukufinyelela kolwazi ngentando yeningi.
Izifundo ze-anthropology kulesi sigaba zivame ukugxila ekwehlukaneni kwedijithali - igebe phakathi kwalabo abanokufinyelela okulula kumathuluzi edijithali nalabo abangenawo. Lokhu kwehlukana kungabhebhethekisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo okukhona, kuthonye ukufinyeleleka kwezemfundo namathuba. Abacwaningi abanjengoMizuko Ito bafunde ukuthi intsha ezimweni ezahlukene zamasiko isebenzisana kanjani nemidiya yedijithali, iveza amaphethini ahlukahlukene okufunda kanye nokuxhumana nabantu okuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology yemfundo inikeza ilensi ebalulekile esingahlola ngayo ubunzima bezinhlelo zokufunda emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuqonda izimo zamasiko kanye nokuguquguquka kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki okwakha imikhuba yezemfundo, singasebenzela ekufinyeleleni amamodeli emfundo ahlanganisa wonke umuntu, alinganayo, futhi ahambisana namasiko. Ukuqonda kwe-anthropology kusikhuthaza ukuthi sibone imfundo hhayi nje njengokulungiselela umkhiqizo wezomnotho, kodwa njengomzamo wabantu ngokuyisisekelo, oxhumene ngokuphelele nobuwena bethu bamasiko kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Njengoba siqhubeka nokuhamba ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, lokhu kuqonda kuzobaluleka ekukhuthazeni izindawo zemfundo ezihlonipha futhi zigubhe ukuhlukahluka kwabantu, ngenkathi futhi zilungiselela abafundi ukuba bachume emphakathini womhlaba wonke.
