Ukugxekwa Kwangemva Kwamakoloni Ezifundweni Ze-Anthropology
Ebuhlotsheni obukhulu bezifundo zemfundo, i-anthropology iphethe isikhundla esiyingqayizivele ngenxa yokuhlola kwayo okuningiliziwe amasiko abantu, ukuziphatha, kanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi. Kusukela yasungulwa, i-anthropology ishintshe kakhulu, ithonywe yimibono eminingi yemfundiso kanye nokunyakaza kwengqondo. Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni, okwavela kakhulu engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20, kuye kwabumba izifundo zesimanje ze-anthropology, kwaphonsela inselelo izindlela ezivamile, izindaba, kanye namandla angaphakathi komkhakha.
Umongo Womlando Nokuvela Kwawo
Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele umthelela wokugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni ku-anthropology, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimpande zayo. I-Postcolonialism, njengenkulumo yobuhlakani, igxeka ifa kanye nemiphumela eqhubekayo yobukoloni kanye nobukhosi. Imisebenzi eqabulayo eyenziwe yizazi ezifana no-Edward Said, uGayatri Chakravorty Spivak, noHomi K. Bhabha ihlola izindlela amandla obukoloni aqhubeke ngazo nokwakha ukukhiqizwa kolwazi kanye nokumelwa emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-anthropology.
Ngokwesiko, i-anthropology ibilokhu igxekwa ngokuzihlanganisa kwayo okujulile namabhizinisi obukoloni. Izazi ze-anthropology zakuqala zazivame ukusebenza ngokubambisana nokuphathwa kwamakoloni, zikhiqiza ulwazi olwaluqinisa ukubusa kwamakoloni ngamanye imiphakathi engeyona eyaseNtshonalanga. Lobu budlelwano bufingqwe kahle ngokugxeka kukaTalal Asad izisekelo ze-anthropology eziyinkimbinkimbi ekusebenziseni amandla obukoloni.
Inselele ye-Eurocentrism kanye ne-Ethnocentrism
Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni kube yinto ebalulekile ekuphonseni inselelo ukuthambekela kwe-Eurocentric kanye nokwe-ethnocentric okusakazeke ezifundweni zendabuko ze-anthropological. Ngokubuza ngezinhlaka ezigxile eNtshonalanga ezazivame ukubeka imiphakathi engeyona eyaseNtshonalanga 'njengeyakudala' noma 'engathuthukile,' izazi zangemva kobukoloni ziye zakhuthaza ukumelwa okulinganayo nokuhloniphekile kwamasiko omhlaba wonke. Lolu shintsho luye lwashukumisela izazi ze-anthropologist ukuthi ziphinde zihlole izindlela zazo futhi zamukele izindlela ezicabangayo eziqaphela ukuma kwazo kanye nokungalingani kwamandla okukhona ezindaweni zocwaningo.
Isibonelo, umsebenzi kaLila Abu-Lughod oyinhloko, othi “Writing Against Culture,” uphikisana nokubhekana namandla nokungalingani ngqo ngokuhlanganisa izindaba zomuntu siqu kanye namandla amakhulu esakhiwo, ngaleyo ndlela kube nzima ukuvezwa kwamasiko okulula. Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni kukhuthaza izazi ze-anthropologist ukuba zidlule ngale kwemibono emibili enciphisayo kanye nemibono ebalulekile, zikhuthaze ukuqonda okuhlukahlukene kokuhlukahluka kwamasiko.
Izindlela Zokuqeda Ukwakheka Kwekholoni
Esinye sezipho ezibaluleke kakhulu zokugxekwa kwe-postcolonial ku-anthropology kube yisicelo sokuqeda izindlela zokubusa. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlola kabusha nokuvuselela imikhuba yocwaningo ukuze kuqedwe izinsalela zokubuswa kwamakoloni ekukhiqizweni kolwazi. Izazi zomdabu ezifana noLinda Tuhiwai Smith bezilokhu zihola kulo mkhankaso, zikhuthaza ucwaningo oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu, olubandakanya abantu, noluhlonipha ama-epistemologies kanye nama-ontology omdabu.
Izindlela zokuqeda ubukoloni zigcizelela ukubambisana nemiphakathi efundwayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi abo kanye nemibono yabo ibalulekile enkambisweni yocwaningo. Le ndlela iphonsela inselelo imodeli yendabuko ye-anthropology evela phezulu kuya phansi, lapho izazi zivame ukuzibeka njengabahluleli bodwa bolwazi. Esikhundleni salokho, ikhuthaza inqubo yentando yeningi kanye nokudala ngokubambisana, lapho ulwazi lukhiqizwa ngokubambisana ngokuzibandakanya okusebenzayo kanye nenhlonipho ngezimo zendawo kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi.
Ukuhlola Kabusha Imibhalo Nemibono YeBhayibheli
Ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloni kuhilela nokuhlolwa kabusha okuqinile kwemibhalo kanye nemibono ebhalwe phansi ngaphakathi kwe-anthropology. Imisebenzi yakudala eyenziwe yizazi ze-anthropology ezifana noBronislaw Malinowski, u-EE Evans-Pritchard, nabanye ibuyekezwa ngeso elibukhali, iveza izincazelo eziyisisekelo zamakoloni kanye nokuqagela okufakwe ngaphakathi kwemibono nemibhalo yabo. Le nqubo ayigcini nje ngokuvuma izici eziyinkinga zale mibhalo eyisisekelo kodwa futhi ivula indlela yezindaba namazwi ahlukile abekade enganakwa noma ethuliswa engxoxweni ye-anthropology.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxekwa kwangemva kobukoloniyali kuye kwakhuthaza izazi ze-anthropology ukuthi zihlole futhi zihlanganise izinhlaka zethiyori ezingezona ezaseNtshonalanga namafilosofi, okucebisa ubuciko bomkhakha. Ngokwazisa ama-epistemoloji ahlukahlukene, i-anthropology ingadlula ifa layo lobukoloniyali futhi iguqukele emkhakheni wokufunda ohlanganisa wonke umuntu futhi ohlanganisa izinto eziningi.
Ukucatshangelwa Kokuziphatha kanye Nodaba Lokumelwa
Ukuziphatha kanye nokumelwa kuyizinto ezikhathazayo ezikhulunywa ngazo ngokugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni ku-anthropology. Umlando walo mkhakha uphindaphindwa ngezimo zemikhuba yocwaningo yokuxhaphaza, lapho imiphakathi efundwe yayingenalo ikhono noma uvo olutheni mayelana nendlela izimpilo namasiko ayo ayemelelwe ngayo. Ukugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni kuveza ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kokwenza ucwaningo olunobulungisa, olusobala, nolunesibopho emiphakathini ehilelekile.
Izazi ze-anthropology manje seziqonda kangcono imiphumela yomsebenzi wazo kanye nokubaluleka kokuzindla ngokuziphatha. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlola ngokujulile ukucwasa kwazo, imiphumela engaba khona yocwaningo lwazo, kanye nokusebenza ngenkuthalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izethulo zazo aziqhubeki nokulimala noma ukuhlanekezelwa kabi. Ngakho-ke ukuzibandakanya nokugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni kukhuthaza umkhuba wokuziphatha kahle nowemfanelo we-anthropology, obeka phambili isithunzi nokuzimela kwemiphakathi efundwayo.
Izinselele kanye Neziqondiso Zesikhathi esizayo
Nakuba ukugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni kuye kwenza intuthuko enkulu ekubumbeni kabusha izifundo ze-anthropological, akunazo izinselelo zayo. Inqubo yokuqeda ubukoloni i-anthropology iyaqhubeka futhi idinga umzamo nokuzibophezela okuqhubekayo. Izithiyo zezikhungo, amandla agxilile, kanye nokuphikelela kwezindlela ze-Eurocentric kungavimbela intuthuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunengozi ye-tokenism, lapho ukufakwa kwemibono yangemva kobukoloni kungabonakali kakhulu kunokuba kube ushintsho lwangempela.
Uma sibheka phambili, ikusasa lokugxekwa ngemva kobukoloniyali kwezemfundo yabantu lilele ekujuleni kokuzibandakanya kwayo nezinhlelo zolwazi zomhlaba wonke kanye nokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwangempela phakathi kwezifundo. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhuthaza ingxoxo phakathi kwezazi zezemfundo yabantu kanye nezazi ezivela emasikweni ahlukahlukene amasiko nobuhlakani, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwamasiko, kanye nokudala izikhala zamazwi ancishisiwe ngaphakathi kwezemfundo.
Ekuphetheni, ukugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni kube negalelo elikhulu ekushukumiseni i-anthropology ukuba ibhekane nesikhathi sayo esidlule sobukoloni, ihlole kabusha izindlela zayo, futhi yamukele imikhuba yokuziphatha neyokubandakanya abantu abaningi. Ngokuphonsela inselelo amandla agxilile kanye nokubeka phambili imibono eyahlukene, ukugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni kuyaqhubeka nokuqondisa i-anthropology ekusaseni elilinganayo nelibonakalisayo. Njengoba lo mkhakha uthuthuka, izimiso zokugxekwa ngemva kobukoloni zizohlala zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-anthropology ihlala iyinsimu yokufunda eqinile, efanele, futhi enesibopho.
