Ubudlelwano be-Anthropology Nezindaba Zamalungelo Abantu
I-anthropology, ucwaningo lwesayensi lwabantu, ukuziphatha kwabo, kanye nemiphakathi yabo, oluhlangana emakhulwini eminyaka, lubangela imiphumela ebalulekile emalungelweni abantu. Ngokuhlola ngokujulile amasiko ahlukahlukene, imikhuba yezenhlalo, izimo zomlando, kanye nezici zebhayoloji zesintu, i-anthropology inikeza ilensi ehlukile lapho ubunzima bamalungelo abantu bungahlolwa futhi buqondwe khona.
Amalungelo Abantu: Ukubuka Okufushane
Amalungelo abantu ayimfanelo eyisisekelo etholakala kuwo wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe, ubulili, uhlanga, inkolo, ulimi, noma esinye isimo. La malungelo ahlanganisa inkululeko efana naleyo yokukhuluma, yokukhulekela, kanye nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elifanele, kanye nokuvikelwa ekuhlukunyezweni okufana nokubandlululwa, ubugqila, kanye nokuhlushwa. Njengoba ibhalwe emibhalweni efana ne-United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), la malungelo ahlose ukugcina isithunzi sabo bonke abantu.
I-Anthropology kanye Namalungelo Abantu: Imibono Yomlando
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-anthropology namalungelo abantu buye bashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ezigabeni zayo zokuqala phakathi nekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-anthropology ngezinye izikhathi yafaka isandla ezinhlelweni zamakoloni, lapho izazi ze-anthropology zakuqala ziqinisa ngokungaqondile imibono ephambene kanye nokucindezelwa kwamakoloni ngokubhala phansi amasiko "angaphandle" ngombono we-Eurocentric.
Kodwa-ke, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwaletha ukuzicabangela okubucayi ngaphakathi komkhakha, kugcizelela ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha kanye nokubaluleka kokugxeka ukungabi nabulungisa okubekwe emiphakathini ehlukunyeziwe. Izazi ze-anthropology ezinethonya njengoFranz Boas noMargaret Mead zasekela ukuhlobana kwamasiko—umbono wemfundiso okhuthaza ukuqonda nokuhlola imikhuba yamasiko ngaphakathi kwezimo zazo. Lo mqondo unikeza uhlaka olubalulekile lokubhekana nezinkinga zamalungelo abantu, ukukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya okunemininingwane eminingi nokuzwelana nemikhuba yamasiko ehlukene.
Ukuhlobana Kwamasiko vs. Ubumbano: Ukubuyisana Umehluko
Enye yezingxoxo ezingapheli ku-anthropology yamalungelo abantu ukungezwani phakathi kokuzivumelanisa namasiko kanye nokuvumelana kwamasiko. Ukuzivumelanisa namasiko kukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abantu kufanele ahunyushwe ngaphakathi kwezimo zamasiko lapho avela khona, kuxwayisa ngokwahlulela okugxile emasikweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukufana kwamasiko kubonisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu awanakuhlukaniswa futhi kufanele asebenze ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izindawo zamasiko.
Le mpikiswano ayiyona nje eyezemfundo; inemiphumela ejulile. Isibonelo, imikhuba efana nokusikwa kwezitho zangasese zabesifazane (i-FGM) noma ukuphathwa kwabantu be-LGBTQ+ iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuwo wonke amasiko futhi ingadala izinselele ekwakheni izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu ezamukelwa emhlabeni wonke. Izazi ze-anthropology zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni lezi zinkimbinkimbi, zihlola ngokujulile ukuthi zingasigcina kanjani isithunzi somuntu ngenkathi zihlonipha ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko.
Iminikelo Yezindlela Zokusebenza Emalungelweni Abantu
Izazi ze-anthropology zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene—i-ethnography, ukubuka kwabahlanganyeli, izingxoxo, kanye nezifundo zokuqhathanisa—ezinikeza ukulandisa okucebile nokuphelele kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Lezi zindlela zivumela izazi ze-anthropology ukuqoqa ulwazi olujulile mayelana namaqiniso aphilayo abantu ezimweni ezahlukene zamasiko, okungaba usizo ekumeleleni amalungelo abantu.
Isibonelo, ucwaningo lwezenhlalo emiphakathini ethintwe ukushushumbiswa kwabantu lungazuza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe mayelana nokuguquguquka kwezenhlalo-zomnotho kanye namasiko okusekela imikhuba enjalo. Lokhu, nakho, kungasiza ekungeneleleni okusebenzayo, okuzwela amasiko kanye nezinqubomgomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwabantu. Ngokufanayo, izifundo ze-anthropological emakamu ababaleki zinikeza ukuhlolwa okubucayi kokungenelela kobuntu, okugqamisa izikhala futhi kusikisela ukuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ezidingweni zangempela kanye nemibono yabantu abaxoshiwe.
Izifundo Zezimo Nomsebenzi Wasensimini: I-Anthropology Isebenza Kanjani
1. Amalungelo Abantu Bomdabu:
Imiphakathi yabantu bomdabu emhlabeni wonke ibhekene nokucwaswa okuhleliwe kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo. Izazi zemvelaphi yabantu ezisebenza nala maqembu zibhala phansi imiphumela yokuphucwa kwabantu, ukucindezelwa kwamasiko, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Izifundo zilethe ukunaka komhlaba wonke ezindabeni ezifana namalungelo omhlaba, ukulondolozwa kwezilimi zomdabu, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingcwele. Ukumela okuqiniswe ucwaningo lwendabuko yabantu kusekela izimpi zomthetho kanye nemizamo yokunxenxa yamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni ezifana nenhlangano yamaZapatista eMexico noma imibhikisho yeSigodi saseStanding Rock ngokumelene neDakota Access Pipeline e-United States.
2. Udlame Olusekelwe Ebulilini:
Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology lube lubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekubhekaneni nodlame olusekelwe kubulili. Ngokuhlola izimo zamasiko zemikhuba efana ne-FGM, umshado wengane, kanye nodlame olusekelwe ekuhlonipheni, izazi ze-anthropology zisiza ekuhleleni lezi zinkinga ngezindlela ezenza kube lula ukumela nokungenelela okuphumelelayo. Basebenzisana nemiphakathi yasendaweni ukuqonda imibono yabo, bathuthukisa izinhlelo ezihambisana namasiko ngenkathi besekela izimiso zamalungelo abantu.
3. Impilo Namalungelo Abantu:
Izinhlelo zezempilo zizuza kakhulu ekuqondeni kwezenhlalo, kwembula ukuthi izici zomphakathi, ezomnotho, kanye nezamasiko zithinta kanjani imiphumela yezempilo. Isibonelo, izifundo zezenhlalo mayelana nokuqubuka kwe-Ebola eNtshonalanga Afrika ziqokomise ukungathembi kwendawo izinhlelo zezempilo kanye nemikhuba yamasiko ezungeze ukugula nokufa, okwakubalulekile ekwakheni ukungenelela kwezempilo okuphumelelayo nokunenhlonipho.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yokuziphatha Nokumela
Izazi ze-anthropology ziya ngokuya zibizwa ukuthi zihlanganyele ekuzindleni nasekusebenzeni ngenkani. Zibhekene nenselele yokulinganisela imisebenzi yazo kubantu bazo nokuzibophezela okubanzi emalungelweni abantu. Iziqondiso zokuziphatha eziqhutshwa yizinhlangano ezifana ne-American Anthropological Association (AAA) ziqondisa izazi ze-anthropology ukuthi zigweme ukulimala futhi zilwele ukuzuzisa imiphakathi ezifundayo. Lokhu kuphatha ngokuziphatha kudinga ukulwela ukungabi nabulungisa—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela ezinqubweni zikahulumeni, emikhubeni yezinkampani, noma ezindinganisweni zamasiko.
Isiphetho
Ukuzibandakanya okujulile kwe-Anthropology nemiphakathi yabantu, yesikhathi esidlule neyamanje, kuyenza ibe sesimweni esikhethekile sokubhekana nezinkinga zamalungelo abantu. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezigcizelela uzwela, umongo, kanye nokuqonda kwamasiko, izazi ze-anthropology zinikeza imibono ebalulekile kokubili ezicini eziqondene namalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke kanye namasiko. Ngocwaningo oluqinile, ukumela ukuziphatha, kanye nokulamula okucatshangelwe kahle phakathi kokuzivumelanisa kwamasiko kanye nokuvumelana kwabantu bonke, i-anthropology inegalelo elikhulu ekufuneni okuqhubekayo umhlaba onobulungiswa nolinganayo. Njengoba amalungelo abantu eqhubeka nokuguquka ngenxa yezinselelo zomhlaba wonke, ukuqonda kanye nokungenelela kwe-anthropology kuzohlala kubalulekile.
