Ucwaningo Lwe-Anthropology Ngezingxabano Zobuhlanga: Ukuhlanganisa Ubuntu Namaqiniso Omphakathi
Izingxabano zobuhlanga bezilokhu ziyinkinga eqhubekayo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, evame ukuholela ezimpini zombango, ukuqothulwa kohlanga, kanye nokuphazamiseka komphakathi okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni izimpande kanye nokuguquguquka kwalezi zingxabano. Ngokuhlola izici zamasiko, zomlando, kanye nezenhlalo zamaqembu ezinhlanga, izazi ze-anthropology zilwela ukuthola izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokungezwani, zinikeze ukuqonda okungase kuvule indlela yokuxazulula nokwakha ukuthula.
Ilensi Ye-Anthropological
I-Anthropology, isifundo sabantu kanye nemiphakathi yabo, inikeza imibono eyingqayizivele ngezingxabano zobuhlanga ngokucabangela izindlela zokuhlobana kwamasiko kanye nezindlela zobuhlanga. Ngokungafani nesayensi yezepolitiki noma ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, obungase bugxile ekushintsheni kwamandla angaphandle kanye nezintshisekelo zombuso, i-anthropology igxila kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kwabantu kanye nemiphakathi. Le ndlela esezingeni eliphansi yenza kube nokuqonda okuningiliziwe kokuthi ubunikazi bohlanga bakhiwa kanjani, bugcinwa futhi busetshenziswa kanjani.
Izimo Zomlando Nefa
Esinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ezithathwa yizazi zemvelaphi yabantu ukuhlola izimo zomlando lapho ubuzwe bukhule khona. Amaqembu ezinhlanga awami ndawonye; abunjwa yizenzakalo zomlando ezifana nokubuswa kwamakoloni, ukufuduka, kanye nokwakheka kombuso. Isibonelo, ukuqothulwa kohlanga lwaseRwanda ngo-1994 akunakuqondwa ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokucabangela ifa lobukoloni elashiywa yiBelgium, elandisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga phakathi kwamaHutu namaTutsi ngokubeka izimiso zobuhlanga.
Izazi ze-anthropology ziphinde zifunde izindaba zomlando kanye nezinkumbulo ezihlangene eziphethwe amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezinhlanga. Lezi zindaba zivame ukusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuthethelela izingxabano zanamuhla. Isibonelo, ingxabano yaseSerbia naseCroat ngesikhathi sezimpi zaseYugoslavia yabangelwa yizikhalazo zomlando kusukela emuva eMpini Yezwe II ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho, emibusweni yama-Ottoman nase-Austro-Hungary. Ngomlando okhulunywayo, ucwaningo lwemibhalo egciniwe, kanye nokubuka kwabahlanganyeli, izazi ze-anthropology ziveza ukuthi lawa mafa omlando akhunjulwa futhi asetshenziswa kanjani ezingxabanweni zanamuhla.
Ukuzazi Kobuzwe Nokwenza Imingcele
Ubunikazi bobuzwe bungumqondo oyinhloko ocwaningweni lwe-anthropological mayelana nezingxabano zobuzwe. Esikhundleni sokubona ubuzwe njengento ehlala njalo, izazi ze-anthropologist zibubheka njengento eguquguqukayo neyakhiwe ngokwenhlalo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaFredrik Barth, i-Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (1969), uthi amaqembu obuzwe awachazwa yizici zamasiko ezingokwemvelo kodwa yimingcele egcinwa phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Le mingcele ivame ukumiswa ngemikhuba yomphakathi, ulimi, inkolo, kanye nezimpawu.
Isibonelo, esimweni saseNyakatho Ireland, ingxabano phakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika ayiphathelene nje nokungafani kwenkolo kodwa ihlobene kakhulu nobuzwe kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Izazi ze-anthropology zihlola ukuthi amasiko, izikhumbuzo, kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke kuqinisa kanjani le mingcele yobuzwe, okwenza kube yizindawo zokungqubuzana okungenzeka.
Udlame Lwesakhiwo Nokungalingani
Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology luphinde luveze indima yobudlova obuhlelekile kanye nokungalingani okuhlelekile ekubhebhethekiseni izingxabano zobuzwe. Ubudlova obuhlelekile bubhekisela ezinhlalweni zomphakathi—ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, zomthetho, ezenkolo, kanye nezamasiko—ezivimba abantu, amaqembu, kanye nemiphakathi ukuthi ifinyelele amandla ayo aphelele. Ngokuvamile abubonakali kangako kodwa bubhubhisa ngokulinganayo njengobudlova obuqondile.
Ezimweni eziningi, izingxabano zobuhlanga zivela ezimweni lapho amaqembu athile encishwa amathuba futhi enqatshelwa ukufinyelela izinsiza kanye namandla. Isibonelo, ingxabano eDarfur, eSudan, iye yahlotshaniswa ngokwengxenye nokungalingani kwezomnotho kanye nokubandlululwa kwezepolitiki kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezingewona ama-Arabhu nguhulumeni ophakathi. Ngokuhlola izinhlelo zobunikazi bomhlaba, ukufinyelela emfundweni, kanye namathuba emisebenzi, izazi ze-anthropologist zingabona ukuthi ukungalingani kwesakhiwo kukwandisa kanjani ukungezwani kobuhlanga.
Indima Ye-Ethnography
I-Ethnography, indlela evelele ye-anthropology, ihilela umsebenzi wasensimini ogxile lapho abacwaningi behlala khona futhi bebuka imiphakathi abayifundayo. Le ndlela ivumela izazi ze-anthropology ukuthi ziqoqe ukuqonda okujulile ngempilo yansuku zonke yabantu, amanethiwekhi abo okuxhumana nabantu, kanye nemibono yabo ngengxabano.
Isibonelo, emsebenzini wakhe we-ethnographic eBosnia ngesikhathi nangemva kwezimpi zaseYugoslavia, isazi se-anthropology uTone Bringa unikeze ukulandisa okuningiliziwe ngendlela abantu abavamile ababehamba ngayo ngobuntu bohlanga ngezikhathi zokuthula nezingxabano. Umsebenzi wakhe ukhanyisa ubunzima bokuhlala ndawonye kohlanga kanye nezici ezingavimba noma zandise ukwahlukana.
Izimpawu Zamasiko Nezingxabano
Izimpawu zamasiko zivame ukudlala indima ebalulekile ezingxabanweni zobuhlanga. Izimpawu ezifana namafulegi, izikhumbuzo, ngisho nezingubo zingaba amathuluzi anamandla kokubili ubunye kanye nokwahlukana. Izazi ze-anthropology zihlola ukuthi lezi zimpawu zisetshenziswa kanjani ukuze zivuse izimpendulo zemizwa, zidale ubumbano eqenjini, futhi zenze "omunye" abe yidimoni.
Isibonelo, empini yama-Israyeli namaPalestina, izimpawu ezifana ne-Al-Aqsa Mosque kanye ne-Western Wall zinokubaluleka okukhulu kwenkolo kanye nesizwe kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Ukuphikisana ngalezi zindawo ezingcwele akuyona nje impi yezepolitiki kodwa futhi kuyimpi yamasiko nemizwa. Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology lusiza ekuchazeni izincazelo ezingokomfanekiso ezihambisana nalezi zindawo kanye nomthelela wazo empini.
Ukubhekana Nezinkinga
Ukuqonda ngemvelaphi yabantu nakho kungaba negalelo ekuxazululeni izingxabano kanye nemizamo yokwakha ukuthula. Ngokuqonda izisekelo zamasiko nezenhlalo zezingxabano zobuzwe, abenzi benqubomgomo kanye nabalamuli bangaklama ukungenelela okuzwela kakhulu amasiko nokusebenzayo. Izazi ngemvelaphi yabantu zivame ukukhuthaza izindlela ezibeka phambili imibono yendawo futhi zigcizelele ingxoxo nokubuyisana kunezinyathelo eziphoqelelayo.
Isibonelo, izinhlelo ezibandakanya ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi ephikisanayo ukuze ihlanganyele kumaphrojekthi amasiko ahlangene, njengemikhosi ehlanganyelwe noma ukufakwa kobuciko obubambisene, kungasiza ekuqedeni imibono engajwayelekile futhi kukhuthaze ukuqondana. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zisekelwe ezimisweni ze-anthropology eziqaphela ukubaluleka kokubonakaliswa kwamasiko kanye nokubandakanyeka komphakathi ekwakheni ukuthula.
Isiphetho
Ekuphetheni, ucwaningo lwe-anthropology mayelana nezingxabano zobuhlanga lunikeza ukuqonda okubaluleke kakhulu ngesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesinezici eziningi zalezi zingxabano. Ngokuhlola ifa lomlando, ubunikazi bobuhlanga, ukungalingani kwesakhiwo, kanye nezimpawu zamasiko, izazi ze-anthropology zembula izimpande ezijulile zengxabano futhi ziqokomisa izindlela zokuthula. Ngezindlela ze-ethnographic, zinikeza umbono osezingeni eliphansi ohambisana nokuhlaziywa kwezepolitiki okubanzi, okufaka isandla ekuqondeni okuphelele kwezingxabano zobuhlanga. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokubhekana nalezi zinselele, ucwaningo lwe-anthropology luhlala lubalulekile ekufuneni izixazululo eziqhubekayo nokuthula okuhlala njalo.
