Izifundo Zokufanekisa Emikhosini Nasemikhubeni Yendabuko
Imikhosi yendabuko kanye nemikhuba iyizinto ezicebile ezilukiwe ngemicu yezimpawu, umbala ngamunye kanye nephethini kuphethe izincazelo ezijulile. Emhlabeni wonke, imiphakathi ihlanganyela kule mikhuba, ifaka izingqimba zezincazelo zamasiko, ezingokomoya, kanye nezenhlalo kuzo zonke izenzo, into, kanye nokukhulunywa. Ngokufunda lokhu, sithola ukuqonda ngemibono yomhlaba, izindinganiso, kanye nomlando wamasiko ahlukene.
Ukuqonda Ukufanekisa Emasikweni
Ukufanekisa emasikweni kuhumusha imibono engabonakali ibe yizenzo nezinto eziphathekayo, okwenza kube lula ukuzithola futhi zikhumbuleke. Ngokuvamile kuxhumanisa isikhathi samanje nesikhathi esidlule, esivamile nesingcwele. Ngokufanekisa, amasiko ahlanganisa futhi adlulisele imiyalezo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nobunikazi, ubunye, ukuziphatha, kanye ne-cosmology.
Izazi ze-anthropology kanye nezazi-mlando sekuyisikhathi eside zichaza imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo yezimpawu zesiko: umphakathi, isakhiwo, kanye nokulwa nesakhiwo.
1. Umphakathi: Amasiko avame ukukhuthaza umuzwa wobumbano kanye nobunikazi obuhlangene. Izimpawu ezikule mikhuba zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zezindinganiso kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okwabiwe.
2. Isakhiwo: Izimpawu zisekela izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nezigaba, zibonisa futhi ziqinisa izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye namandla.
3. Ukungavumelani nesakhiwo: Eminye imikhuba iguqula uhlelo lwansuku zonke (isib. imikhuba yokuguqula izinto, imikhosi) futhi isebenzisa izenzo ezingokomfanekiso ukuqeda okwesikhashana imikhuba yomphakathi, okunikeza ithuba lokuzindla nokuvuselela.
I-Symbolism Emasikweni Ahlukene
Imikhosi Yase-Afrika
Emasikweni amaningi ase-Afrika, imikhosi yendabuko igxile emphakathini, igcwele izimpawu ezihloselwe ukuhlonipha okhokho, ukubiza onkulunkulu, nokuphawula izigaba zokuphila.
– Amasiko Okuthwasa: Emiphakathini efana namaKikuyu aseKenya, imikhosi yokuthwasa efana nokusoka ifanekisela ukuguquka kusuka ebuntwaneni kuya ebudaleni. Izimpawu ezingcwele, okuhlanganisa nezingubo ezithile namathuluzi asetshenziswa ngesikhathi somcimbi, zimele ubumsulwa, amandla, kanye nokuqhubeka kozalo.
– Amasiko Omngcwabo: Abantu base-Akan baseGhana bafaka izimpawu emikhosini yomngcwabo ukuhlonipha oshonile nokuqinisekisa ukuthi badlula ngokuphephile baye ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Indwangu ye-Kente, evame ukusetshenziswa kule mikhosi, inamaphethini alandisa uhlu lozalo kanye nezimfanelo zabangasekho. Umbala ngamunye kanye nentambo ku-Kente kuphethe ukubaluleka: igolide ngesimo, okuluhlaza okotshani kokuvuselelwa, okumnyama kokuvuthwa kanye nokwedlula emhlabeni.
Amasiko ase-Asia
E-Asia, izinkolo namafilosofi ahlukahlukene azisa amasiko, lapho izimpawu zivame ukuhlanganisa khona umuntu nonkulunkulu.
– Umkhosi Wetiye (eJapane): Umkhosi wetiye waseJapan, noma i-chanoyu, uwumkhuba ojwayelekile ofanekisela ukuvumelana, inhlonipho, ubumsulwa, nokuthula. Isenzo sokulungiselela nokuphakela itiye sigcwele izimpawu ezijulile. Izitsha kanye nemihlobiso yegumbi letiye, ngokuvamile eklanyelwe ukuvusa imvelo, kukhuthaza umuzwa wokungaguquguquki nokuqaphela, okuyizimiso eziyinhloko zobuBuddha beZen.
– I-Diwali (eNdiya): Umkhosi wamaHindu we-Diwali ugcwele izimpawu. Ukukhanyisa ama-diyas (izibani zamafutha) kufanekisela ukunqoba kokukhanya phezu kobumnyama, ulwazi phezu kokungazi. Imiklamo ye-Rangoli ehlobisa iminyango ifanekisela ukuchuma okwamukelayo namandla amahle. Amaswidi afanekisela ukusatshalaliswa kwenjabulo kanye nokunqoba kokuhle phezu kobubi.
Imikhosi Yendabuko YaseMelika
Amasiko abantu bomdabu ahlobene kakhulu nemvelo, isayensi yezinto ezizungezile umhlaba, kanye nenhlonipho yokhokho.
– I-Sun Dance (Isizwe SaseLakota): KumaLakota, i-Sun Dance iwumkhosi wenkolo obalulekile onezimpawu ezimele umhlatshelo, ukuvuselelwa, kanye nokuxhumana noMoya Omkhulu. Isigxobo esiphakathi esisetshenziswa emcimbini, ngokuvamile umuthi osishuliwe, siwuphawu lokuxhumana phakathi komhlaba nesibhakabhaka. Ukubhoboza nemidanso yamasiko kufanekisela umhlatshelo womuntu siqu kanye nokuzibophezela ngokomoya.
– I-Potlatch (Izizwe zasePacific Northwest): Umkhosi we-potlatch uwumkhuba wokudla ofanekisela isakhiwo senhlalo, lapho ingcebo ihlukaniswa khona ukuze kuqinisekiswe izibopho zomphakathi kanye nesimo sobukhosi. Ukupha izipho, umkhuba oyinhloko e-potlach, kumele ingcebo, ukuphana, kanye nesimo sokuchuma esijikelezayo.
Izincazelo Zanamuhla Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Izikhathi zanamuhla zibona amasiko endabuko evumelana nezimo ezintsha ngenkathi egcina izimpawu zawo eziyinhloko kanye nezincazelo.
Ukuzijwayeza Kwezamasiko
Imiphakathi yabokufika ivame ukugcina nokuvumelanisa imikhosi yabo yendabuko, ixuba izimpawu ezivela efeni labo nezinto ezivela ezindaweni zabo ezintsha.
– Unyaka Omusha WaseShayina ENtshonalanga: Imikhosi ivame ukuhlanganisa izinto zaseNtshonalanga kodwa izimpawu eziyinhloko njengezimvilophu ezibomvu (zenhlanhla), imidanso yamabhubesi (ukuxosha imimoya emibi), kanye nokudla kwendabuko kugcina izincazelo zazo ezingokomfanekiso ezithathwe emasikweni asenamakhulu eminyaka.
– Usuku Lwabafileyo (Día de los Muertos) e-United States: Njengoba kwenziwa ngabantu baseMexico-America, lo mkhosi ugcina uphawu lwawo oluyinhloko lokuhlonipha oshonile ngama-ofrenda (ama-altare), ama-marigold, kanye nama-skull kashukela, kuyilapho futhi uhlanganisa ithonya elivela emasikweni aseMelika.
Imibono Yezemfundo
Izifundo zezimpawu emasikweni zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene, ezisebenzisa i-anthropology, i-sociology, izifundo zenkolo, kanye ne-semiotics. Abacwaningi bayahlaziya:
– Ukwakheka: Indlela izimpawu ezakha ngayo uhlelo lwezimpawu ngaphakathi kwesiko, ezichazwe kahle emsebenzini kaClaude Lévi-Strauss.
– Izindlela Zokuchaza: UClifford Geertz uchaza ukuqonda izimpawu njengezindaba ezilandiswa amasiko, ebeka amasiko njengemibhalo okufanele ifundwe.
– Ithiyori Yokusebenza: Umsebenzi kaVictor Turner ngemikhuba ugcizelela izici zayo zokusebenza, uzibheka njengezinqubo eziguquguqukayo lapho kwenziwa khona izimpawu, hhayi nje izinto ezimile.
Isiphetho
Ukufanekisa emikhosini yendabuko nasemikhubeni kudlula nje izinjongo zokuhlobisa noma zemidlalo yaseshashalazini; kuyisisekelo sobunjalo nomsebenzi wemikhuba. Lezi zimpawu ziveza izincazelo ezicebile, ezinezingqimba eziningi ezichaza amanani, imizabalazo, ukunqoba, kanye ne-cosmologies yamasiko. Ngokuhlola lezi zimpawu, sisusa izingqimba zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kanye nobuhlakani, sithola ukuqonda okujulile ngezindlela isintu esiveza ngazo amanani aso ajulile kanye nokuxhumana. Njengoba umhlaba uthuthuka, lezi zimpawu ziyaqhubeka noma ziyazivumelanisa nezimo, ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwazo okungapheli ku-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi yomphakathi wesintu.
