Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Anthropology Njengesayensi
I-anthropology, njengesifundo sesayensi esizinikele ekutadisheni isintu ngazo zonke izici zaso, inomlando omude noyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuvela kwayo kuphawulwa uchungechunge lwezinguquko zendlela yokuphila, intuthuko yenqubo, kanye nemibono eshintshayo ngalokho okushiwo ukuba ngumuntu. Lesi sihloko sizohamba ngomlando we-anthropology, siqokomise izikhathi zayo ezibalulekile, izibalo eziyisisekelo, kanye nemibono yokuguqula.
Izimpande Zakuqala Nezandulelayo
Imicabango yabantu ingalandelela imvelaphi yayo empucukweni yasendulo, lapho izazi zefilosofi nezazi-mlando ezifana noHerodotus no-Ibn Khaldun zazifuna ukuqonda imiphakathi yabantu kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko. EGrisi lasendulo, ukuphenya kukaHerodotus ngamasiko ahlukene kwabeka isisekelo sokuphenya ngezinhlobo zabantu. Ngokufanayo, u-Ibn Khaldun, isazi sefilosofi saseNyakatho Afrika sekhulu le-14, waphakamisa imibono ngokuhlangana komphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka komlando okuhambisana nomcabango wesimanje wezinhlobo zabantu.
Kodwa-ke, le mizamo yokuqala yayingenayo indlela ehlelekile kanye nohlaka lokuqhathanisa olwaluzochaza i-anthropology njengesayensi kamuva. Isikhathi soKukhanyiselwa ngekhulu le-18 saphawula ushintsho olukhulu, njengoba izihlakaniphi zaseYurophu, okuhlanganisa izazi zefilosofi ezifana noJohn Locke, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, no-Immanuel Kant, zaqala ukuzibandakanya esifundweni esihlelekile semvelo yomuntu, umphakathi, kanye namasiko. Lesi sikhathi sagcizelela ukuqonda, ukuqaphela okubonakalayo, kanye nophenyo olubucayi, okubeka isisekelo se-anthropology njengomzamo wesayensi.
Ukuzalwa Kwe-Anthropology Njengesifundo
Ikhulu le-19 labona ukuvela okusemthethweni kwe-anthropology njengomkhakha wezemfundo ohlukile. Lesi sikhathi sabonakala ngentshisekelo ekhulayo yokuqonda imiphakathi engeyona eyaseYurophu, eqhutshwa ukwanda kwamakoloni kanye nokuhlangana namasiko ahlukahlukene. Izazi ze-anthropology zalesi sikhathi zazivame ukusebenza enkonzweni yokuphatha amakoloni, zifunda imiphakathi yabantu bomdabu ukuze zisize ekubuseni.
Omunye wabantu ababalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-anthropology kwakunguSir Edward Burnett Tylor, isazi se-anthropology saseNgilandi esivame ukubhekwa njengoyise we-anthropology yamasiko. Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, i-"Primitive Culture" (1871), wethula umqondo wamasiko njengento eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ulwazi, izinkolelo, ubuciko, ukuziphatha, umthetho, amasiko, kanye namanye amakhono atholwa abantu njengamalungu omphakathi. Indlela kaTylor yokuqhathanisa kanye nohlaka lwakhe lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, olwaluthi imiphakathi ithuthuke isuka ezigabeni "zakudala" iye "eziphucukile", kwathonya kakhulu isiyalo.
Esinye isazi sesisekelo kwakunguLewis Henry Morgan, isazi semvelaphi yabantu saseMelika esenza umsebenzi omkhulu we-ethnographic phakathi kwezizwe zaseMelika. Incwadi yakhe ethi “Ancient Society” (1877) yethula ukuhlukaniswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo ngezigaba ezintathu: ubulwane, ubuqaba, kanye nempucuko. Naphezu kokukhula okuqhubekayo futhi okuvame ukuba ngokohlanga kwalezi zigaba, umsebenzi kaMorgan wabeka isisekelo esibalulekile semibono yabantu kamuva.
Uguquko lwaseBoasian kanye nokuvela kobuqiniso bamasiko
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwamemezela isikhathi soguquko kwezemfundo yabantu, esasiholwa nguFranz Boas, isazi semfundo yabantu esizalelwe eJalimane esabe siyinhloko kwezemfundo yabantu baseMelika. UBoas waphikisana ngamandla namamodeli okuziphendukela kwemvelo kaTylor noMorgan, esikhundleni salokho ekhuthaza ukuhlobana kwamasiko kanye nomlando othize. Waphikisana ngokuthi isiko ngalinye lihlukile, lakhiwe yizimo zalo zomlando kanye nezemvelo, futhi kufanele lifundwe ngokwemigomo yalo kunokuba lifundwe ngohlaka lokuziphendukela kwemvelo olusekelwe e-Eurocentric.
UBoas wagcizelela ukubaluleka komsebenzi wasensimini kanye nokubuka okubonakalayo, enxusa izazi ze-anthropologist ukuba zigxile emasikweni abawafunda. Ukugcizelela kwakhe ekuqoqweni kwedatha okuqinile kanye nokugxeka kwakhe ukunqunywa kobuhlanga kwaletha ukuqina kwesayensi kanye nobukhulu bokuziphatha ku-anthropology. Abafundi bakaBoas, kuhlanganise noMargaret Mead, uRuth Benedict, no-Alfred Kroeber, bathuthukisa futhi bathuthukisa imibono yakhe, basungula ifa elihlala njalo emkhakheni.
Ukwakheka kanye Nokusebenza
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwavela izindlela ezintsha zemfundiso yenkolo ku-anthropology. Ukwakheka, okwaqalwa yisazi sendabuko saseFrance uClaude Lévi-Strauss, kwafuna ukuthola izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zomcabango namasiko abantu. ULévi-Strauss waphikisana ngokuthi amasiko abantu, naphezu kokwehlukahlukana kwawo ebusweni, abelana ngezakhiwo ezijulile ezifanayo ezigxile engqondweni yomuntu. Umsebenzi wakhe ngezinganekwane, ubudlelwano, kanye nokuphikisana okubili kuqokomisa izici zomhlaba wonke zokuqonda komuntu kanye nokuxhumana.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenza kwavela njengombono oyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi kaBronisław Malinowski no-Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. Ukusebenza kwagxila ekuqondeni imisebenzi nezindima zemikhuba yamasiko nezikhungo emphakathini. Umsebenzi kaMalinowski eziQhingini zaseTrobriand kanye nomqondo wakhe wokubuka abahlanganyeli kwabeka amazinga amasha ocwaningo lwe-ethnographic, kugcizelela isidingo sokuphila emphakathini ukuze kuqondwe ngokuphelele isiko lawo.
Ukuphenduka Kwangemva Kwesikhathi Sesimanje
Ingxenye yokugcina yekhulu lama-20 yabona ushintsho lwendlela yokucabanga oluthonywe yimicabango yesimanje. Izazi ze-anthropology zaqala ukungabaza ubuqotho negunya lesiyalo sazo, ziqaphela ithonya lamandla, ukumelwa, kanye nokuzikhethela emsebenzini we-ethnography. Inhlangano "yamasiko okubhala", eholwa izazi ezifana noJames Clifford noGeorge Marcus, yabiza ukuzindla kanye nokuzazi ekubhaleni kwe-anthropology, igcizelela isidingo sokucabangela ukuma komcwaningi kanye nokwakheka kwezindaba ze-ethnography.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-anthropology yabesifazane, eholwa ngabantu abanjengoSherry Ortner noGayle Rubin, iphonsele inselelo ukucwaswa okugxile kwabesilisa ocwaningweni lwe-anthropology kanye nethiyori. Izazi ze-anthropology zabesifazane zigcizelele ukubaluleka kobulili njengesici esiyisisekelo sesakhiwo senhlalo kanye nencazelo yamasiko, zivula izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda ubudlelwano bamandla kanye nobunikazi.
Izitayela Zanamuhla Nezindlela Ezihlanganisa Imikhakha Ehlukahlukene
I-anthropology ekhulwini lama-21 ibonakala ngesimo sayo sokuxuba imikhakha kanye nokuzibandakanya kwayo ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke. Izazi ze-anthropology zibambisana kakhulu nezazi ezivela emikhakheni efana ne-sociology, umlando, izilimi, kanye ne-biology, zithuthukisa ukuhlaziya kwazo ngemibono eyahlukahlukene. Ukufika kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kanye nokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kuye kwandisa ububanzi bophenyo lwe-anthropology, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole imiphakathi ebonakalayo, amanethiwekhi aphesheya kwezilwandle, kanye nomthelela wemidiya yedijithali emikhubeni yamasiko.
Izazi ze-anthropology zanamuhla zibhekana nezinkinga eziphuthumayo ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka kwabantu, ukungalingani kwezempilo, kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Zilwela ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kwazo kwe-ethnographic ukubhekana nezinkinga zomhlaba wangempela, ukumela abahlukunyeziwe kanye nokufaka isandla ezingxoxweni zenqubomgomo. Lesi sici esisetshenziswayo se-anthropology sibonisa ukubaluleka kwayo okuhlala njalo kanye nokuzibophezela kwayo ekuqondeni nasekuthuthukiseni isimo sabantu.
Isiphetho
Umlando we-anthropology njengesayensi ubonisa imvelo yayo eguquguqukayo neguqukayo, eyakhiwe yizimo zengqondo, ukusungula izindlela ezintsha, kanye nezimo zomphakathi ezishintshayo. Kusukela ezimpandeni zayo zokuqala zokuqagela kuya esimweni sayo samanje sezifundo ezahlukene kanye nokuzibandakanya komphakathi, i-anthropology ibilokhu izichaza kabusha ukuze iqonde kangcono ubunzima bokuphila komuntu. Njengoba iqhubekela phambili, i-anthropology ihlala izibophezele ezimisweni zayo eziyisisekelo zokuzivumelanisa namasiko, ukuqina okubonakalayo, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha, iqinisekisa umnikelo wayo ohlala njalo ekutadisheni isintu.
