Isihloko: I-Anthropology Yokuphathwa Kwezempilo Nobhubhane
Ezweni lanamuhla, ukuphishekela ukuqonda impilo yabantu kanye nokuphatha ubhubhane sekuye kwaba yimisebenzi ehlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene, kanti i-anthropology inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile. I-Anthropology, isifundo semiphakathi yabantu kanye namasiko kanye nentuthuko yawo, ifuna ukuqonda izindlela ezahlukene abantu abasebenzisana ngazo nendawo abahlala kuyo, okuhlanganisa nempilo yabo. Lesi sihloko sigxila ebuhlotsheni obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-anthropology, impilo, kanye nokuphathwa kobhubhane, sigcizelela iminikelo yolwazi lwe-anthropology kokubili ezinkingeni zezempilo zomlando nezanamuhla.
Impilo, ngokwemigomo ye-anthropology, ihlanganisa umbono ophelele ohlanganisa izici zebhayoloji, zamasiko, zenhlalo, kanye nezendawo ezungezile. Izazi ze-anthropology zinesifiso sokuthi isiko lithonya kanjani imibono yokugula kanye nenhlalakahle, nokuthi le mibono ithinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwezempilo kanye nemiphumela. Lo mbono uphambene nemodeli yezokwelapha, evame ukugxila ezintweni zebhayoloji futhi ivame ukunganaki izici zamasiko nezenhlalo zempilo.
Umqondo oyisisekelo ku-anthropology yezokwelapha umqondo wempilo "ye-biocultural". Lo mqondo uphakamisa ukuthi impilo nokugula kuyimikhiqizo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-biology namasiko. Isibonelo, imikhuba yokudla, amanethiwekhi okusekela umphakathi, kanye nezindlela zokwelapha zendabuko kungathuthukisa noma kubhubhise impilo. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, lezi zici ziba sobala kakhulu njengoba imiphakathi isabela futhi iphatha izifo ezithelelanayo ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zayo zamasiko kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi.
Ngokomlando, izazi ze-anthropology zidlale indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele ezahlukene zempilo. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo ukuqubuka kwe-Ebola eNtshonalanga Afrika (2014-2016). Izazi ze-anthropology zisebenze kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze baqonde imikhuba yokungcwaba yendawo, eyayiyisici esibalulekile ekusabalaleni kwegciwane ekuqaleni. Ngokuqonda le mikhuba yamasiko, ukungenelela kwezempilo kwaguqulwa ukuze kuhlonishwe amasiko endawo ngenkathi kukhuthazwa imikhuba ephephile. Lokhu kubambisana kwaba usizo kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukusabalala kwalesi sifo futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa ukuqonda kwe-anthropology emasu ezempilo yomphakathi.
Ubhubhane oluqhubekayo lwe-COVID-19 luye lwagcizelela kakhulu ukubaluleka kwemibono yabantu ekuphathweni kwezempilo kanye nobhubhane. Izazi ze-anthropology zigxile ekuqondeni imiphumela yomphakathi yalolu bhubhane, okuhlanganisa ukucwaswa kwabantu abangenwe yileli gciwane, umthelela empilweni yengqondo, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo okubhebhethekiswa yileli gciwane. Baphinde bahlola ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene ibona futhi isabela kanjani ezindleleni zezempilo zomphakathi ezifana nemikhankaso yokugoma, ukuvalwa kwezwe, kanye nemiyalelo yokugqoka izifihla-buso.
Enye indawo ebalulekile lapho i-anthropology inikela khona ekuphathweni kobhubhane ngokusebenzisa umqondo "wobudlova besakhiwo." Owaqanjwa nguJohan Galtung ngawo-1960, ubudlova besakhiwo bubhekisela ezinhlakeni zomphakathi ezilimaza abantu ngokubavimbela ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kulimala akulona ubudlova obungokomzimba obubangelwa ngabantu kodwa kunalokho kufakwe ezinhlakeni zomphakathi, njengokungalingani kwezomnotho, ubandlululo, kanye nokuntuleka kokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, ubudlova besakhiwo bubonakale emthonjeni ongalingani wegciwane emiphakathini ehlukunyeziwe. Izazi ze-anthropology zigqamise lokhu kungalingani, zikhuthaza izinqubomgomo ezibhekana nalezi zinkinga zesistimu futhi zikhuthaze ukulingana kwezempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi ze-anthropology zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni nasekunciphiseni ukungabaza ngemithi yokugoma. Ukungabaza ngemithi yokugoma, inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eqondene nomongo, kuthonywa izici ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukungathembi izikhungo zezokwelapha, ukungabi nabulungisa komlando, izinkolelo zamasiko, kanye nokwaziswa okungaqondile. Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology lusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani abantu abathile bengase bangabaze ukuthola imithi yokugoma, okuhlinzeka ngokuqonda okujulile okunganikeza ulwazi ngamasu okuxhumana asebenza kahle kanye nezinhlelo zokungenelela.
Izazi ze-anthropology nazo zinegalelo ekuqondeni imiphumela yezifo eziwumshayabhuqe empilweni yengqondo. Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19, kanye nokuvalelwa kwalo okuhlobene, izindlela zokuqhelelana emphakathini, kanye nokungaqiniseki kwezomnotho, lube nemiphumela emikhulu empilweni yengqondo emhlabeni jikelele. I-Anthropology, ngokugxila kwayo kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kanye nobukhulu bezempilo emphakathini, inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi abantu ngabanye kanye nemiphakathi babhekana kanjani nalezi zingcindezi. Lo mbono ubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukungenelela kwezempilo yengqondo okuzwela ngokwesiko futhi okuvumelana nabantu abathintekile.
Omunye umnikelo obalulekile we-anthropology ekuphathweni kobhubhane ukugcizelela ukuzibandakanya komphakathi kanye nokubamba iqhaza. Izazi ze-anthropology zikhuthaza ukubandakanya imiphakathi yasendaweni ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokungenelela kwezempilo. Le ndlela yokubamba iqhaza iqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenelela kufanelekile ngokwesiko futhi kunokusekelwa yimiphakathi okuhloswe ukuba iyisize. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, ukuzibandakanya komphakathi kube yinto ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni ngempumelelo kwezinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi, njengokulandelela othintana nabo kanye nemikhankaso yokugoma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwesayensi yabantu ngesikhathi sobhubhane luvame ukwembula ukuqina nobuhlakani bemiphakathi ngezikhathi zenhlekelele. Kusukela emikhubeni yokwelapha yendabuko kuya kumanethiwekhi okusekela angakahleleki, imiphakathi isebenzisa izinsiza zayo zamasiko ukuze ibhekane nezinselele zezempilo. Isibonelo, emiphakathini eminingi yabomdabu emhlabeni jikelele, ulwazi lwendabuko kanye nemikhuba kuye kwasetshenziswa kanye nezindlela zokwelapha ukulwa ne-COVID-19, okuhlinzeka ngempendulo ephelele kulo bhubhane.
Izindlela ezihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene ezihlanganisa i-anthropology, impilo yomphakathi, kanye neminye imikhakha zibalulekile ekuphathweni ngempumelelo kobhubhane. Lokhu kubambisana kuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwezici zempilo zomphakathi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenelela kufanelekile ngokwesiko nangokomongo. Ngokwamukela umbono we-anthropology, ochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi bangakha amasu aphelele abhekana nokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamasiko, umphakathi, kanye nezifo.
Ekuphetheni, i-anthropology yokuphathwa kwezempilo kanye nobhubhane ikhomba indima ebalulekile yezici zamasiko nezenhlalo ekwakheni ukuziphatha kwezempilo, imiphumela, kanye nezimpendulo ezinkingeni zezempilo. Ukuqonda kwe-anthropology ngesimo sempilo yamasiko, ubudlova besakhiwo, ukungabaza ukugoma, imiphumela yempilo yengqondo, ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, kanye nokuqina kugqamisa isidingo sezindlela ezithinta amasiko neziqhutshwa ngumphakathi zokuphathwa kobhubhane. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokubhekana ne-COVID-19 futhi ulungiselela izinselele zezempilo zesikhathi esizayo, iminikelo ye-anthropology izohlala ibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu ezempilo yomphakathi aphelele futhi asebenzayo. Ukwamukela ukuhlangana kwe-anthropology kanye nempilo yomphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi asigcini nje ngokuphatha ubhubhane ngempumelelo kodwa futhi sikhuthaza izinhlelo zezempilo ezilinganayo neziqinile ezizuzisa yonke imiphakathi.
