Magirasi ekuparadzanisa - matambudziko nemhinduro
1. A nesefa ine mipata inosvika 4000 pa sendimita inovhenekerwa ne monochromatic chiedza uye inogadzira mutsetse wakajeka wechipiri pakona ye30°. Chii chinonzi wavelength yechiedza chakashandiswa? (1 Å = 10-10 m)
Zvinozivikanwa:
Daro riri pakati pemipata (d) = 1 / (mipata 4000 / cm) = 0.00025 cm = 2.5 x 10-4 masendimita = 2.5 x 10-6 mamita
Odha (n) = 2
Pasina makumi matatu nemavirio = 0.5
1 Å = 10-10 m
Kuda: Hurefu hwemafungu echiedza (λ)
Solution:
2. A monochromatic chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e2.5×10-7 m inorova jira rine mipata 10,000/cm. Sarudza nzvimbo dzekona dzemutsara wakajeka wechipiri.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Daro riri pakati pemipata (d) = 1 / (mipata 10,000 / cm) = 0.0001 cm = 1 x 10-4 masendimita = 1 x 10-6 m
Odha (n) = 2
Hurefu hwemafungu (λ) = 2.5 x 10-7 m
Zvaidiwa: Angle (θ)
Solution:
3. A monochromatic chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e5.10-7 m inorova girafu. Dchinhambwe chiri pakati pemugero nechidzitiro chekuona iri 2 m, dushamwari pakati pe chetatu-ronga mucheto uye mucheto wepakati kureba kwe150 cm. Sarudza daro riri pakati pemipata.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Hurefu hwemafungu (λ) = 5 x 10-7 m
l = 2 m
n = 3
y = 150 cm = 1.5 m
Zvaidiwa: daro pakati pemipata
Solution:
chivi θ ≈ tan θ = y / l = 1.5 / 2 = 0.75 = 75 x 10-2
Kureba pakati pemipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (75.10)-2) = (3)(5.10-7)
d (75.10)-2= = 15.10-7
d = (15.10-7) / (75.10-2)
d = (15/75).10-5
d = (1/5)(10-5) m
d = (0.2)(10-5) m
d = 2.10-6 m
4. A monochromatic chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e500 nm (1 nano = 10-9) inorova jira remagetsi uye inoburitsa mutsetse wakajeka wechikamu chechina pakona ye30°. Sarudza huwandu hwemipata pasendimita.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Kureba kwewave (λ) = 500.10-9 m = gumi-7 m
θ = 30o
n = 4
Zvaidiwa: huwandu hwemipata pa sendimita
Solution:
Kureba pakati pemipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (chivi 30o) = (4)(5.10-7)
d (0.5) = 20.10-7
d = (20.10-7/ 0.5
d = 40.10-7
d = 4.10-6 m
Huwandu hwemipata pa sendimita:
x = 1 / 4.10-6 m
x = 0.25.106 /m
x = 0.25.106 / 102 cm
x = 0.25.104 /cm
x = 25.102 /cm
x = 2500 / cm
5. A monochromatic chiedza chine urefu hwemafungu e500 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m) inorova jira rekugadzira uye inoburitsa mutsetse wakajeka wechikamu chechipiri pakona ye30°. Sarudza huwandu hwemipata pasendimita.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Kureba kwewave (λ) = 500.10-9 m = gumi-7 m
θ = 30o
n = 2
Zvaidiwa: huwandu hwemipata pa sendimita
Solution:
Kureba pakati pemipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (chivi 30o) = (2)(5.10-7)
d (0.5) = 10.10-7
d = (10.10-7/ 0.5
d = 20.10-7
d = 2.10-6 m
Huwandu hwemipata pa sendimita:
x = 1 / d
x = 1 / 2.10-6 m
x = 0.5.106 / 1m
x = 0.5.106 / 102 cm
x = 0.5.104 /cm
x = 5.103 /cm
x = 5000 / cm
Mibvunzo makumi maviri nemhinduro pamusoro pe diffraction grating:
1. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi diffraction grating?
Pindura: Gira re diffraction chikamu che optical chine chimiro che periodic, chinotsemura nekuparadzanisa chiedza kuita matanda akasiyana-siyana anofamba munzira dzakasiyana.
2. Mubvunzo: Kuisa magirasi ediffraction kwakasiyana sei nekuisa zvidimbu zviviri?
Pindura: Kunyange zvazvo zvose zvichikonzera diffraction, grating ine mitsetse yakawanda (kana mitsara) pahurefu hweyuniti, zvichiita kuti matanda awedzere diffraction uye kupatsanurwa kwakajeka kwespectral.
3. Mubvunzo: Sei nzvimbo dziri pakati pemitsetse yegridi dzichikosha?
Pindura: Nzvimbo dziri pakati pema "spaceings" dzinoona ma "angles" ayo ma "wavelength" akasiyana echiedza anopararira, nokudaro zvichikanganisa resolution uye kujeka kwe "spectrum" inoburitswa.
4. Mubvunzo: Kona ye diffraction ine hukama hwakadii nehukuru hwechiedza?
Pindura: Hukama hunopihwa ne equation ye grating: ��=�chivi�, apo ndiyo nzira yekuparadzanisa, ndiyo kureba kwewavelength, ndiyo nzvimbo yekugadzika, uye ndiyo kona yekuparadzanisa.
6. Mubvunzo: Sei mavara akasiyana/hurefu hwemafungu hwakasiyana pamakona akasiyana?
Pindura: Nekuti kona yekuyerera ( ) inoenderana zvakananga nehurefu hwewavelength ( ), marefu ehurefu hwemafungu (senge dzvuku) anoparadzanisa kupfuura mapfupi (senge bhuruu).
7. Mubvunzo: Kuwedzera huwandu hwemipata (kana mitsetse) mugedhi re diffraction kunokanganisa sei patani?
Pindura: Kuwedzera huwandu hwemipata kunorodza diffraction maxima, zvichiwedzera resolution yespectrum.
8. Mubvunzo: Chii chinorehwa nesimba rekugadzirisa regringi?
Pindura: Simba rekugadzika kwemagetsi (resolving power) ndiko kugona kwegirati kusiyanisa mawavelength maviri ari pedyo. Rinowedzera nemitsara yakawanda uye ma diffraction orders akakwira.
9. Mubvunzo: Magirati ekuparadzanisa anogona kushandiswa nemamwe marudzi emafungu kunze kwechiedza here?
Pindura: Ehe, dzinogona kushandiswa nechero chiitiko chemafungu, kusanganisira mafungu eruzha uye maX-ray.
10. Mubvunzo: Chigadziko chekutumira chakasiyana sei negeti rekuratidzira?
Pindura: Mugedhi rekutumira, chiedza chinopfuura nepagedhi rekushandisa, nepo mugedhi rekuratidza, chiedza chinobuda pamusoro pegedhi.
11. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi blazed gratings?
Pindura: Magirati akapiswa (Blazed gratings) ndiwo magirati anoratidzwa apo migero inotenderedzwa (kana kuti yakapiswa) kuti itungamire simba rakawanda muhurongwa hwakati hwe diffraction, zvichiita kuti kushanda zvakanaka kubudirire.
12. Mubvunzo: Sei huwandu hwemugero wegridi (mitsetse pa mm) hwakakosha?
Pindura: Kuwanda kwemugero ndiko kunosarudza kupararira uye kugadziriswa kwegeti. Kuwanda kwemugero kunowanzo tungamira pakusimba kwepamusoro.
13. Mubvunzo: Grating inogadzira sei spectrum?
Pindura: Kana chiedza chichena chikabatana negirati, wavelength yega yega inopararira nekona yakasiyana, ichiaparadzira munzvimbo imwe chete kuti igadzire spectrum.
14. Mubvunzo: Sei ma "diffraction" akakwirira achigona kupindirana?
Pindura: Kune mawavelength akasiyana, mawavelength akakwirira anogona kudzorwa pamakona anoenderana newavelength dzakaderera dzemamwe mawavelength, zvichikonzera maspectra anopindirana.
15. Mubvunzo: Chigadziko chinogona kushandiswa here kudzidza marefu asingaonekwe emvura?
Pindura: Ehe, magirati anogona kugadzirwa kune zvikamu zvakasiyana zve electromagnetic spectrum, kusanganisira ultraviolet ne infrared.
16. Mubvunzo: Chii chinobatsira kugadzira zvinhu zvegridi mumapatani e diffraction?
Pindura: Hunhu hwezvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemirairo yakasiyana-siyana ye diffraction uye zvinosarudza huwandu hwe wavelength iyo grating inogadziriswa.
17. Mubvunzo: Chigadziko che holographic diffraction chinogadzirwa sei?
Pindura: Magirati ehorographic anogadzirwa achishandisa mapatani ekupindira kubva kuchiedza chelaser, pane kutonga magirovhosi nemakanika, zvichiita kuti chiedza chisanyanya kudonha uye maspectra akachena zvakanyanya.
18. Mubvunzo: Sei huwandu hwe zero-order hunowanzova hwakajeka zvakanyanya?
Pindura: Chiyero chikuru chezero-order chinoenderana nechiedza chisina kukanganiswa. Sezvo chisingapararire zvakanyanya semadiffract orders, simba rayo rinowanzova rakakwira.
19. Mubvunzo: Magirati anogona kushanda nechiedza chinopenya here?
Pindura: Ehe, kushanda zvakanaka kwe diffraction uye patani zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro e polarization ye incident light.
20. Mubvunzo: Sei magirati ane zvakanakira kupfuura maprism e spectroscopy?
Pindura: Magirati anogona kupa resolution iri nani, kupararira kwema wavelengths kwakanyatsorongeka, uye anowanzo shanda zvakanyanya pakuparadzira chiedza mu spectrum zvichienzaniswa nema prisms.
Magirati ekuparadzanisa akakosha mukutsvagisa nekushandisa optical, kunyanya mu spectroscopy, zvichibvumira kudzidza zvakadzama nezvezvikamu zve spectral zvechiedza.
