Zvidzidzo zveFizikisi zveBasic

Chinyorwa nezve maThermometers uye zviyero zvekupisa

1. Matemometa

Chishandiso chakagadzirirwa kuyera tembiricha ithermometer. Kune mhando dzakawanda dzethermometers, asi musimboti wekushanda wakafanana. Kazhinji, tinoshandisa zvinhu zvinodziya, hunhu hwezvinhu zvinochinja netembiricha. Kana tembiricha yechinhu ikachinja, chimiro, nehukuru hwechinhu zvinochinjawo. Mazhinji thermometers anoshandisa zvinhu zvinogona kukura kana kuderera kana tembiricha ikachinja. Mathermometers anowanzo shandiswa anosanganisira machubhu egirazi, uko kune alcohol kana mercury pakati pechubhu. Kana tembiricha ikawedzera, alcohol kana mercury iri mumudziyo inokura zvekuti kureba kwealcohol kana mercury column kunowedzera. Kusiyana neizvi, kana tembiricha ikadzikira, kureba kwealcohol kana mercury column kunoderera. Kunze kwechubhu yegirazi, kune nhamba dziri chiyero chethermometer. Nhamba inoratidzwa nemucheto wepamusoro wechubhu yealcohol kana mercury inotaura kukosha kwetembiricha yechinhu chiri kuyerwa.

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Chinyorwa pamusoro peMutemo weZeroth weThermodynamics

Kusvika pari zvino, tangoona chete kuenzana kwekupisa kunoitika pazvinhu zviviri zviri kusangana.

Kuti tinzwisise pfungwa ye thermal equilibrium zvakadzama, ngationgororei zvinhu zvitatu (ngatitii zvinhu A, chinhu B, uye zvinhu C). Semuenzaniso, chinhu B nechinhu C hazvibatane, asi chinhu A chinosangana nechinhu B uye chinhu A chinosangana nechinhu C. Tarisa mufananidzo uri pazasi. Nekuti kana zvakabatana nechimwe nechimwe kunze kwechinhu A nechinhu B zviri mu thermal equilibrium, saka chinhu A nechinhu C zviri mu thermal equilibrium. Zvinhu B neC zvisingabatane zviri mu thermal equilibrium here? Kana tikashandisa logic chete, tinogona kutaura kuti chinhu B nechinhu C zviri mu thermal equilibrium, kunyangwe zvisiri mu thermal equilibrium. Chinhu A nechinhu B zviri mu thermal equilibrium, zvichireva kuti tembiricha yechinhu A = tembiricha yechinhu B.

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Chinyorwa nezve Tsananguro yekupisa uye kuenzana kwekupisa

Tsanangudzo yekupisa

Wakambobata chando here? Unonzwa sei kana maoko ako akabata chando? Ko kana chaunobata chiri moto? Kana ukabata chando, maoko ako anonzwa kutonhora, kana ukabata moto, maoko ako anonzwa kupisa. Kupisa, kudziya, kutonhora, kutonhora kunorevei?

Pfungwa yekupisa inotanga kubva pakupisa nekutonhora kunowanikwa nepfungwa yedu yekubata. Zvichibva pane zvinonzwikwa nepfungwa yekubata, tinoti chinhu chinopisa kupfuura chimwe chinhu kana chinhu chinotonhora kupfuura chimwe. Zvinhu zvinopisa zvine tembiricha yakakwira, nepo zvinhu zvinotonhora zvine tembiricha yakaderera. Kana chinhu chichitonhora, tembiricha yaderera. Kusiyana neizvi, kana chinhu chinopisa, tembiricha yakakwira. Kuyera kwekupisa kana kutonhora kwechinhu kunonzi tembiricha. Munyaya yegasi kinetic theory, uchanzwisisa zvakadzama tsananguro yekupisa; zvinoitika kumamorekuru kubva kuchinhu kuitira kuti chinzwe kupisa, kudziya, kutonhora kana kutonhora.

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Chinyorwa nezveMazinga enyaya (zvakavakirwa pahunhu hudiki)

Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinowanzo sangana nezvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana zvezvinhu. Kune zvinhu zvakasimba (semuenzaniso, matombo, simbi, nezvimwewo), zvinwiwa (mvura, peturu, nezvimwewo) nezvinhu zvegasi (mhepo, nezvimwewo). Zvikamu zvitatu zvezvinhu izvi zvinogona kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nekukwanisa kwazvo kuchengetedza chimiro chazvo nehukuru hwazvo.

Zvinhu zvakaoma zvinowanzo chengetedza chimiro chakasimba uye huwandu hwacho hwakagadzikana. Mvura yacho haichengete chimiro chakabatana, asi inochinja nzira yayo kuenda kumudziyo wakagara. Semuenzaniso, kana tikaisa mvura mugirazi, chimiro chinoshanduka segirazi. Kana mvura ikaiswa mubhavhu, chimiro chinoshanduka sebhavhu. Huwandu hwemvura hunowanzo gara hwakagadzikana. Girazi remvura kana rikaiswa mubhavhu, huwandu hwemvura hunoramba huri mugirazi. Chimiro chemvura chinogona kuchinja, asi saizi yacho haimbochinji. Rangarira kuti huwandu hwezvinhu zvakaoma nezvinwiwa zvinogona kuchinja kana zvikapihwa simba rakakwana.

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Chinyorwa pamusoro pedzidziso yeAtomic uye dzidziso yekinetic

Dzidziso yeAtomu

Kwezviuru zvemakore, maGiriki ekare aidavira kuti chinhu chega chega chakachena (senge goridhe, simbi, nezvimwewo) chaive nemaatomu. Sekureva kwavo, kana chinhu chakachena chikachekwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, ipapo zvidimbu zvidiki zvinochekwa zvakare, zvobva zvachekwa zvakare… zvichingodaro, ipapo pachava nezvidimbu zvidiki zvidiki zvisingagone kuchekwa zvakare. Zvidimbu zvidiki zvidiki zvisingagone kuchekwa zvakare zvinonzi maatomu. Atomu zvinoreva kuti "hazvigone kupatsanurwa" (mutauro wechiGiriki)

Panguva iyoyo, atomu rinoonekwa serisina kupatsanurwa. Asi gare gare vamwe masayendisiti vakawana maerekitironi nemaatomu nuclei (maprotoni nemanyuturoni) zvekuti fungidziro yekuti maatomu haagone kupatsanurwa yakanga isiriyo. Saka, maatomu ane maerekitironi (ane chaji isina kunaka) nemaatomu nuclei. Maerekitironi anotenderera nucleus. Mukati menucleus, mune mapurotoni (ane chaji yakanaka) nemaneutron (asina chaji kana asina chaji).

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Chinyorwa nezve Kuchinja kwechikamu Tembiricha yakakosha Mapoinzi matatu

Mukukurukurirana kwemutemo wegasi wakakodzera, zvakatsanangurwa kuti mutemo wegasi wakakodzera unotsanangura maitiro egasi rechokwadi nemazvo chete kana kumanikidzwa uye huwandu hwegasi rechokwadi husina kukura zvakanyanya. Kana kumanikidzwa uye huwandu hwegasi rechokwadi hwakakura zvakakwana, mutemo wegasi wakakodzera unopa mhedzisiro isiriyo, saizvozvowo, kana tembiricha yegasi rechokwadi yasvika padanho rekufashaira. Izvi zvine chekuita nekudyidzana kunoitika pakati pemamorekuru egasi rechokwadi. Kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakaenzana nehukuru hwegasi. Kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakawanda zvakakwana, huwandu hwegasi hunova hudiki. Nekuti huwandu hwegasi hwakaderera, daro riri pakati pemamorekuru egasi rinova pedyo. Kana daro riri pakati pemamorekuru richiva pedyo, mamorekuru anokwezvana. Zvakafanana nepaunoisa chidimbu chesimbi pamagnet. Kana daro riri pakati pemagnet nesimbi rakakwana, magineti haagone kudhonza simbi. Asi kana daro riri pakati pemagnet nesimbi riri pedyo, simbi inoswededzwa pedyo.

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Van der Walls izita renyanzvi yefizikisi yekuDutch, JD van der Waals (1837-1923). Van der Waals Equation of State iequation yemamiriro egasi, yakafanana neThe equation yemamiriro egasi rakanaka. Musiyano ndewekuti, The equation yemamiriro egasi rakanaka haigone kupa mhinduro dzakarurama kana kumanikidzwa uye density yegasi chaiyo yakakura zvakakwana. Nepo Van der Waals Equation of State ichigona kuburitsa mhinduro dzakarurama.

Kuvapo kwe equation iyi kunobva kuna Van der Waals, uyo akaona miganhu ye equation yemamiriro akakwana. Waals, shandura equation yemamiriro egasi rakakwana, nekuwedzera zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinopesvedzerawo mamiriro egasi chairo, kana kumanikidzwa uye huwandu hwegasi chairo hwakakura.

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Maitiro ekubuda kwemvura anogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa dzidziso yekinetic. Kufanana nemamorekuru egasi, mamorekuru emvura anofambawo. Musiyano ndewekuti mamorekuru emvura haagone kupararira nekuti kukwezvana pakati pemamorekuru kunogona kuramba kuabatanidza. Kusiyana neizvi, kukwezvana pakati pemamorekuru egasi hakugone kubatana. Pakufamba, mamorekuru emvura ane kumhanya. Kune mamorekuru emvura ane kumhanya kwakanyanya; kunewo mamorekuru emvura ane kumhanya kudiki. Kupararira kwekukurumidza kwemorekuru yemvura kwakafanana nekugoverwa kwaMaxwell.

Kubuda kwemvura kunoitika kana kumhanya kwemamorekuru emvura kwakakura zvakakwana zvekuti kukwezvana pakati pemamorekuru emvura hakukwanise kuibata pamwe chete. Kufanana nemaroketi anofamba achienda muchadenga, kumhanya kweroketi kwakakura zvakakwana zvekuti simba rekukwevera pasi harigone kuibata kuti igare panyika. Cherechedza kuti mamorekuru ane kumhanya kukuru chete ndiwo anogona kupukunyuka kukwezvana pakati pemamorekuru. Mamorekuru ane kumhanya kudiki anoramba ari pamwe chete semvura.

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Kufashaira inzira yekushandura mvura kuita gasi. Kufashaira kunoitika kana kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwakazara kwakaenzana nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo (mhepo = kumanikidzwa kwemhepo). Tinongokurukura nezvemvura iri kufashaira. Kumanikidzwa kwemvura kwakazara kwakaenzana zvakananga nekupisa kwemvura, kana tembiricha yemvura yakakwira, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yakazara kwakakwira. Patinodziisa mvura, mabubble madiki anowanzoonekwa pasi pemudziyo. Kuvapo kwemabubble kunoratidza shanduko yemvura kuita gasi. Kana kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yakazara mububble kuri kudiki pane kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yekunze, bubble rinodzikira robva raparara risati rasvika pamusoro. Mabubble anoparadzwa nekuti simba rekusundidzira remhepo yekunze rakakwirira kupfuura simba rekusundidzira remhepo iri mukati mebubble. Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yekunze kwakakwira kupfuura kumanikidzwa kwemhepo iri mububble kuitira kuti mhepo yekunze ive nesimba rakakura (P = F / A).

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Hunyoro hunoratidza huwandu hwemvura iri mumhepo. Kana mvura ichinaya, mhepo inenge yakanyorova zvikuru nekuti kune mvura yakawanda iri mumhepo. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mvura iri mumhepo iri shoma, mhepo inenge yakaoma. Huwandu hwemvura iri mumhepo hunoratidzwa nehunyoro.

Hunyoro hunoenderana nehuwandu hwekumanikidzwa kwehunyoro nehunyoro kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwehunyoro hwakazara hwemvura patembiricha yakati (hunyoro ihunyoro hwemvura). Hunyoro hunoratidzwa muchikamu, hwakarongwa nemasvomhu:

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