Chinyorwa nezve maThermometers uye zviyero zvekupisa
1. Thermometers
Chishandiso chakagadzirirwa kuyera tembiricha ithermometer. Kune mhando dzakawanda dzethermometers, asi musimboti wekushanda wakafanana. Kazhinji, tinoshandisa zvinhu zvinodziya, hunhu hwezvinhu zvinochinja netembiricha. Kana tembiricha yechinhu ikachinja, chimiro, nehukuru hwechinhu zvinochinjawo. Mazhinji thermometers anoshandisa zvinhu zvinogona kukura kana kuderera kana tembiricha ikachinja. Mathermometers anowanzo shandiswa anosanganisira machubhu egirazi, uko kune alcohol kana mercury pakati pechubhu. Kana tembiricha ikawedzera, alcohol kana mercury iri mumudziyo inokura zvekuti kureba kwealcohol kana mercury column kunowedzera. Kusiyana neizvi, kana tembiricha ikadzikira, kureba kwealcohol kana mercury column kunoderera. Kunze kwechubhu yegirazi, kune nhamba dziri chiyero chethermometer. Nhamba inoratidzwa nemucheto wepamusoro wechubhu yealcohol kana mercury inotaura kukosha kwetembiricha yechinhu chiri kuyerwa.
Mamwe marudzi emathermometer anonyanya kushandiswa ndiwo mathermometer anoshandisa machira e-bimetallic (simbi mbiri dzemhando dzakasiyana uye kumhanya kwakasiyana kwekuwedzera). Kana tembiricha ikawedzera, imwe simbi inowana kukura kukuru kupfuura imwe simbi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvidimbu zvacho zvinokombama. Kazhinji, chidimbu che-bimetallic idenderedzwa, uko mugumo mumwe wechip unoramba uripo, nepo mumwe mugumo wakabatana nechiratidzo chechikero. Kana tembiricha ikachinja, pointer inotenderera. Mathermometer anoshandisa machira e-bimetal anowanzo shandiswa semathermometer emhepo, mathermometer emukamuri, mathermometer eovheni nezvimwewo. Thermometer, iyo yakanyatsojeka kana kuti yakanyatsojeka, inowanzo shandisa hunhu hwemagetsi hwechinhu.
2. Kuenzanisa Thermometer
Kuenzanisa thermometer inzira yekuyera thermometer. Heano mamwe matanho ekugadzirisa thermometer. Chekutanga, gadzira thermometer yemercury kana thermometer yealcohol isina chikero. Chechipiri, gadzira chando. Chechitatu, gadzira mvura. Chechina, gadzira chitofu chemvura chinogona kushandiswa kupisa mvura kusvika yafashaira. Cheshanu, isa chando nemvura mumudziyo (mvura nechando zvine huremu hwakafanana). Mushure meizvozvo, isa thermometer mumudziyo une mvura nechando.
Pakutanga, thermometer yakabatana nemhepo zvekuti thermometer yaipisa kupfuura chando. Mushure mekuiswa mumudziyo, kureba kwesimbi yemercury kuchaderedzwa nekuti musanganiswa wemvura nechando wava kutonhorera zvakanyanya. Rega kusvika kureba kwesimbi yemercury kwasachinja (pamusoro pemercury hapafambi). Kana kureba kwesimbi yemercury kusina kuchinja, musanganiswa wemacubes echando nemvura wava mu thermal equilibrium. Maka nzvimbo yesimbi yemercury (maka mugumo wepamusoro wesimbi yemercury). Uku ndiko kupisa kwechando kana nzvimbo yechando yemvura. Chechitanhatu, bika mvura uchishandisa heater yemagetsi. Isa thermometer mumudziyo une mvura inopisa. Kana mvura yapisa kana tembiricha yemvura ikawedzera, kureba kwesimbi yemercury kunowedzerawo (pamusoro pemercury panofamba). Mushure mekunge mvura yafashaira, pamusoro pemercury pamira kufamba. Maka mugumo wesimbi yemercury. Uku ndiko kupisa kwemvura kana nzvimbo yevapori.
Kana uchida kugadzira chikero cheCelsius, daro riri pakati pemamaki maviri rinokamurwa kuita mitsara zana, apo daro riri pakati pemutsetse wega wega rinofanira kunge rakafanana. Chiratidzo chepazasi = 0 oC, nepo chiratidzo chepamusoro = 100 oC. Ona mufananidzo uri padivi. Tembiricha yechando uye tembiricha yevapori zvinoenderana nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Saka, thermometer inoongororwa panzvimbo ine kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwakasiyana inopa mhedzisiro yakasiyana. Mercury thermometers dzinowanzoshandiswa dzinoongororwa padanho rimwe chete remhepo kuitira kuti tembiricha yechando yemvura ive 0 oC uye tembiricha yekufashaira iri 100 oC. Mathermometers akajairika akadai semercury thermometers kana alcohol thermometers anowanzo kuve mashoma. Thermometer haigone kushandiswa kuyera tembiricha yakaderera zvikuru (pasi pe0) oC) kana tembiricha yakakwira zvikuru (inopfuura 100 oC).
3. Tzviyero zvekupisa
Kuti thermometer ishandiswe kuyera tembiricha, zvakakosha kuisa chiyero chetembiricha. Zviyero zviviri zvetembiricha zvinowanzo shandiswa, kusanganisira chiyero cheCelsius nechikero cheFahrenheit. Rimwe zita rechikero cheCelsius chikero checentigrade. Centigrade = matanho zana. Chiyero chetembiricha chakakosha mumunda wesainzi chikero chakazara kana kuti chiyero cheKelvin. Nezvechiyero cheKelvin zvichakurukurwa gare gare. Mapoinzi akagadzika echiyero cheCelsius nechikero cheFahrenheit anoshandisa poindi yekuomesa nepoindi yekufashaira yemvura. Poindi yekuomesa yechinhu itembiricha iyo maumbirwo akasimba neakasviba ari mu equilibrium yekupisa. Kusiyana neizvi, poindi yekuomesa yechinhu itembiricha iyo maumbirwo emvura negasi zviri mu equilibrium yekupisa. Poindi yekuomesa nepoindi yekufashaira zvinogara zvichichinja nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, saka kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kunofanirwa kutanga kwaonekwa. Kazhinji, tinoshandisa kumanikidzwa kwakajairwa, kuri 1 atm (mhepo imwe chete). Mhepo iyuniti imwe yekumanikidzwa kwemhepo.
Chikero che 3.1 Celsius
Nzvimbo yakatarwa pamusoro pechikero cheCelsius inoshandisa poindi yekufashaira yemvura yakachena, nepo nzvimbo yakatarwa pasi pechikero cheCelsius inoshandisa poindi yekufashaira yemvura yakachena. Tembiricha yekutonhora yemvura yakachena (inozivikanwawo sepoindi yechando) ndeye zero degrees Celsius (0). oC) uye tembiricha yemvura yakachena (inozivikanwawo se "vapor point") i100 degrees Celsius (100). oC). Pakati pechando nenzvimbo dzeutsi, pane madhigirii zana. Mumathermometer anoshandisa chikero cheCelsius, chikero chekupisa chakaderera pane tembiricha yechando chinowanzo nyorwa nenhamba isina kunaka.
Chikero cheFahrenheit 3.2
Fahrenheit inoda kuti zviyero zvetembiricha zvive zvakanaka. Saka, akasarudza 0 oF yekupisa kwemusanganiswa wechando nemvura ine munyu (kupisa kunotonhora zvikuru kunogona kusvika mvura). Pakuyera kupisa kwenzvimbo dzechando nenzvimbo dzeutsi, nhamba dzinoratidzwa pachikero cheFahrenheit izvikamu. Pakupedzisira, akachinja chikero zvakare kuitira kuti kupisa kwenzvimbo yechando nenzvimbo yeutsi zvive nhamba dzese.
Pachikero cheFahrenheit, tembiricha yechando yemvura yakachena (ice point) i32 degrees Fahrenheit (32). oF) uye tembiricha yemvura yakachena (nzvimbo yeutsi) inosvika 212 degrees Fahrenheit (212 oF). Pakati pechando nenzvimbo dzeutsi, pane madhigirii zana nemakumi masere. Mvura yakachena imvura isingasanganiswi nezvimwe zvinhu. H yakachena20. Patinoti tembiricha yakati, tinoidaidza kuti Celsius (oC) kana Fahrenheit (oF). Muenzaniso: tembiricha yemvura inopisa = 100 oC kana 180 oF. Tembiricha yemuviri wangu = 98 oF. Kusiyana neizvi, kana tichiti kuchinja kwetembiricha kana musiyano wetembiricha, saka tinozvidaidza kuti Celsius degree (C)o) kana dhigirii reFahrenheit (F)oMuenzaniso: tembiricha yekutanga yemvura i20 oC. Kana yapiswa, tembiricha inoshanduka kuita 50 oC. Saka, mvura inosangana nekuchinja kwetembiricha ye30 degrees Celsius (30 C)o).
