Chinyorwa pamusoro pedzidziso yeAtomic uye dzidziso yekinetic
Dzidziso yeAtomu
Kwezviuru zvemakore, maGiriki ekare aidavira kuti chinhu chega chega chakachena (senge goridhe, simbi, nezvimwewo) chaive nemaatomu. Sekureva kwavo, kana chinhu chakachena chikachekwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, ipapo zvidimbu zvidiki zvinochekwa zvakare, zvobva zvachekwa zvakare… zvichingodaro, ipapo pachava nezvidimbu zvidiki zvidiki zvisingagone kuchekwa zvakare. Zvidimbu zvidiki zvidiki zvisingagone kuchekwa zvakare zvinonzi maatomu. Atomu zvinoreva kuti "hazvigone kupatsanurwa" (mutauro wechiGiriki)
Panguva iyoyo, atomu rinoonekwa serisina kupatsanurwa. Asi gare gare vamwe masayendisiti vakawana maerekitironi nemaatomu nuclei (maprotoni nemanyuturoni) zvekuti fungidziro yekuti maatomu haagone kupatsanurwa yakanga isiriyo. Saka, maatomu ane maerekitironi (ane chaji isina kunaka) nemaatomu nuclei. Maerekitironi anotenderera nucleus. Mukati menucleus, mune mapurotoni (ane chaji yakanaka) nemaneutron (asina chaji kana asina chaji).
Kune imwe dzidziso; zita racho idzidziso inoenderera mberi. Iyi dzidziso inotaura kuti zvinhu zvakachena zvinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvisingaperi. Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi, hapana chinhu chakadai sechidimbu chidiki. Zvidimbu zvidiki zvinogona kuchekwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Saka, zvinova zvisingaperi. Ndeipi yedzidziso mbiri idzi yakarurama? Idzidziso yeatomu chaiyo kana dzidziso inoenderera mberi?
Mufizikisi, dzidziso yega yega ichazivikanwa nesainzi kana dzidziso yacho ikagona kusimbiswa mukuyedza. Muzana remakore rechi18, rechi19 nerechi20, kuburikidza nekuyedza kwakaitwa nemasayendisiti, dzidziso yemaatomu yaive yechokwadi.
Kutanga, nzwisisa wongororo dzinotevera. Zvinhu zvinhu zvakachena zvisingagone kupatsanurwa kuita zvimwe zvinhu nemakemikari, semuenzaniso goridhe (Au), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), Nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) nezvimwewo. Kunze kwezvinhu izvi, kunewo zvinhu izvi. Zvinhu izvi zvine zvinhu. Nekuti zvine zvinhu izvi, chinhu ichi chinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvinhu. Mienzaniso yemakemikari imvura.
Chikamu chidiki chechinhu iatomu, nepo chikamu chidiki chechinhu chiri molecule. Mamorekuru ane maatomu anonamatirana. Goridhe rakachena muenzaniso wechinhu. Goridhe rakachena rine maatomu egoridhe (Au). Zvidimbu zvesimbi muenzanisowo wezvinhu. Iron ine maatomu esimbi (Fe). Saka, chinhu chacho chinhu chakachena chine maatomu akafanana.
Mvura yaunowanzoona, yaunobata uye yaunonwa inoumbwa nemamorekuru emvura (fomura yemakemikari ndeye H2Oh). Mamorekuru emvura ane maatomu maviri eHydrogen (H) uye atomu rimwe chete reokisijeni (O).
Heano humwe humbowo hwedzidziso yeatomu:
Chekutanga, mutemo wekuenzanisa nguva dzose.
Mutemo wekuenzanisa unoti kana zvinhu zvikabatana kuti zvive makemikari, makemikari anoumbwa ane chiyero chakafanana chehuremu. Semuenzaniso, munyu. Munyu watinoona isanganiswa ine mamorekuru emunyu (NaCl). Zvichiitika, mamorekuru emunyu anogara achiumbwa kubva muzvikamu makumi maviri nezvitatu zve sodium (Na) uye zvikamu makumi matatu nezvishanu zve chlorine (Cl).
Dzidziso inoenderera mberi haigone kuitsanangura, asi dzidziso yeatomu inogona kuitsanangura. Zvichienderana nedzidziso yeatomu, maatomu zvikamu zvidiki zvechinhu saka maatomu ane huremu. Chiyero chehuremu hwezvinhu zvemusanganiswa chinofanira kunge chakabatana nehuremu hwemaatomu anoumba chinhu chacho. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoumba makemikari, masayendisiti anoona huremu hwemaatomu. Zvinonzi huremu hwehuremu hwechinhu hunoenzaniswa nehuremu hwemamwe maatomu echikamu.
Hydrogen ndiyo atomu yakapfava kupfuura dzose, saka inoshandiswa sechiyereso. Huwandu hweatomu yehydrogen (H) hunopiwa kukosha kwe1. Nekushandisa huwandu hweatomu yehydrogen sechiyereso, huwandu hweatomu yecarbon (C) hunopiwa kukosha kwe12,
huwandu hweatomu yeokisijeni (O) hunopihwa kukosha kwe16 zvichingodaro (ona tafura yezvinoumba zvinhu). Huwandu hweatomu yeokisijeni = 12 zvinoreva kuti huwandu hweatomu imwe yeokisijeni hwakakura ka12 kupfuura huwandu hweatomu imwe yeokisijeni (H). Huwandu hweatomu yeokisijeni = 16 zvinoreva kuti huwandu hweatomu yeokisijeni hwakakwira ka16 kupfuura huwandu hweatomu imwe yeokisijeni (H).
MuInternational System (SI) tine chiyero chehukuru, chinonzi iridium platinum, iyo inochengetwa mumasangano epasi rose ehuremu nehukuru muFrance. Pasi pechibvumirano chepasi rose, uremu hweplatinum yeiridium i1 kg, iyi ikirogiramu yakajairika. Pachiyero cheatomu, tinewo chiyero chechipiri chehukuru, icho chiri maatomu ekabhoni e12 C. Zvichibva pazvibvumirano zvepasi rose, huremu hweatomu kabhoni imwe 12 C i12,0000 units dzakabatana dzeatomu (dzakapfupikiswa u).
1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg.
Huremu hwe1 Atomu yeKabhoni (C) = 12.0000 u, huremu hwe1 Atomu yeHydrogen (H) = 1,0078 u, huremu hwe1 Atomu yeOxygen (O) = 15.9994 u, huremu hwe1 Atomu yeSodium = 22.9897 u zvichingodaro. Nezvehuremu hweatomu, hunogona kuonekwa zvizere patafura yeperiodic yezvinhu.
Pamusoro pemaatomu, kunewo mamorekuru. Mamorekuru ihuremu hwese hwemaatomu emorekuru. Semuenzaniso, huremu hwemorekuru yemunyu (NaCl) = huremu hweatomu imwe yesodium (Na) + huremu hweatomu imwe yechlorine (Cl). Huremu hwemamorekuru emvura (H2O) = huremu hwemaatomu maviri ehydrogen (H) + huremu hweatomu imwe chete yeokisijeni (O).
Chechipiri, kufamba kwebrown
Kare kare, kwaigara nyanzvi yezvebhayoloji yeEngland yainzi Robert Brown. Aiferefeta nezvekumera kwakaiswa mumvura (1827). Mvura nemukume zvinoonekwa achishandisa maikorosikopu. Robert Brown akaona zvisinganzwisisike mushure mekuona mukume uchifamba wega. Zvinoshamisa nekuti mukume unofamba. Kufamba kwemukume kwakanangana nekufamba kwemukume hakuna kurongeka, asi kunoramba kuripo. Anofungidzira kuti kufamba uku hupenyu, uko mukume unogara kuitira kuti ugone kufamba. Asi kufungidzira kwake kwakashata nekuti zvidimbu zvidiki zveorganic zvakaita semukume zvinofambawo kana zvaiswa mumvura. Kufamba uku kunonzi kufamba kweBrownian.
Kuwanikwa uku hakugone kutsanangurwa kusvika pakatanga dzidziso yekinetic.
Dzidziso yeKinetic
Kinetic zvinoreva kufamba (chiGiriki). Dzidziso yekinetic inoti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine maatomu kana mamorekuru uye kuti maatomu kana mamorekuru anofamba nguva dzose zvisina tsarukano.
Pakufamba, maatomu kana mamorekuru anofanira kumhanya. Maatomu kana mamorekuru anewo huremu. Nekuti ane huremu (m) uye velocity (v), saka atomu kana mamorekuru ane kinetic energy (EK) uye momentum (p). Kinetic energy: EK = 1/2 mv2. Panguva yekufamba: p = m v. Pamusoro pekufamba, kune masimba. Pakufamba, pane mukana wekuroverana. Saka, masimba anomuka nekuda kwekuchinja kwekufamba kana kuroverana kwaitika.
Tinogona kutaura kuti dzidziso yekinetic yakavakirwa pasimba rekinetic, momentum, uye force. Zvinhu zvitatu izvi zvinodzidzwa munyaya yekufamba kwesimba (mitemo yaNewton, impulse, uye momentum). Musiyano ndewekuti mudzidziso yekinetic, tinoshandisa simba padanho remaatomu kana mamorekuru. Dzidziso yekinetic yakagadzirwa naBoyle (1627-1691), Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), Joule (1818-1889), Kronig (1822-1879), Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888) naClerk Maxwell (1831-1879).
Kuvapo kwedzidziso iyi yekinetic kunogona kutsanangura kuwanikwa kwaBrown. Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yekinetic, mukume unofamba nekuti mamorekuru emvura anofamba nekukurumidza ndiwo anoutungamira. Huwandu hwemamorekuru emvura hwakakura, saka mukume unosundirwa kubva kwakasiyana-siyana.
Zvichibva pamutemo wekuenzanisa nguva dzose uye kuwanikwa kwekufamba kwebrown, dzidziso yemaatomu iri kutendwa zvakanyanya nevesainzi. Maatomu zvidimbu zvidiki pane chero chinhu. Saka, atomu ine saizi. Ukuru hweatomu hwakaita sei?
Muna 1905, Einstein akaongorora hukuru hwemaatomu. Zvichibva padzidziso yeatomu, dzidziso yekinetic uye data rakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuyedza, akawana kuti dhayamita yeatomu yaive inenge 10-10 m. Saka, dhayamita yeatomu inowanikwa kuburikidza nekuverenga. Saizi yemaatomu yakawanikwa, saka dzidziso yemaatomu inozivikanwa, pamwe nedzidziso yekinetic.
