Musiyano uripo pakati pemavhairasi nebhakitiriya muzvirwere
Pendauluan
Munyika yezvekurapa, kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere kwakakosha pakurapa nekudzivirira. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinonyanya kuvhiringidzika uye zvinowanzovhiringidzika zvinotapuriranwa mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya. Kunyange zvazvo zvose zvichigona kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana muvanhu, zvine musiyano mukuru muchimiro, maitiro, kupararira, uye mhinduro yekurapa. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora musiyano uripo pakati pemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya uye kukanganisa kwawo zvirwere zvaanokonzera.
1. Maumbirwo uye Ukuru
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinosiyanisa mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya chimiro chavo nehukuru hwavo.
Mabhakitiriya zvisikwa zvine sero rimwe chete zvine chimiro chakakwana chemasero. Ane madziro esero, membrane yesero, cytoplasm, uye majini ane DNA. Mabhakitiriya mazhinji anoyera pakati pe 0,2 ne 10 micrometers (µm). Mamwe mabhakitiriya anewo flagella kana pili inovabatsira kufamba uye kushamwaridzana nenzvimbo yavo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mavhairasi madiki zvikuru pane mabhakitiriya, anowanzova pakati pe20 ne300 nanometers (nm). Mavhairasi haana chimiro chakakwana chemasero. Anosanganisira RNA kana DNA yakavharirwa muprotein coat inonzi capsid. Mamwe mavhairasi anewo lipid envelope inobva ku host cell membrane. Nekuti haana chimiro chawo chemasero uye metabolism, mavhairasi haagone kurarama nekuberekana asina kutapukira host cell.
2. Nzira yekubereka
Maitiro ekubereka akasiyanawo pakati pemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya.
Mabhakitiriya anoberekana asina kusangana pabonde kuburikidza ne binary fission, umo sero rimwe chete rebhakitiriya rinotevedzera majini aro uye rinopatsanurana kuita masero maviri akafanana. Mamwe mabhakitiriya anogonawo kugovana majini kuburikidza nekubatana, transduction, kana shanduko, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kusiyana kwemajini avo uye kubvumira kugadziriswa nemamiriro ekunze anochinja.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mavhairasi haana simba rekuzvibereka ega. Anoda sero remuviri kuti abereke. Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwevhairasi kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei:
1. Kunyungudika: Utachiona hunonamatira kuma receptors ari pamusoro pesero rinopinda mumuviri.
2. Kupinda: Utachiona kana majini ahwo anopinda musero remuviri.
3. Kuberekana: Zvinhu zvemajini zvehutachiona zvinotora michina yemasero emuviri wehutachiona kuti zvigadzire makopi matsva ehutachiona.
4. Kuungana: Zvikamu zvitsva zvehutachiona zvinounganidzwa musero remuviri.
5. Lysis kana kuti Budding: Mavhairasi matsva anoburitswa kubva musero rinopinda, kazhinji achiparadza sero panguva iyoyo.
3. Zvirwere Zvinokonzereswa
Mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi zvinogona kukonzera marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvirwere, asi hunhu hwezvirwere zvavanokonzera hunowanzosiyana.
Utachiona hwebhakitiriya hunowanzo itika kana mabhakitiriya awanda mumuviri uye achiburitsa chepfu inokuvadza nyama yemunhu. Mimwe mienzaniso yehutachiona hwebhakitiriya inosanganisira TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), streptococcal infections (Streptococcus pyogenes), uye E. coli infections (Escherichia coli). Utachiona hwebhakitiriya hunogona kubva kuhutachiona husina kunyanya kuoma senge hutachiona hwemunzira yeweti kusvika kuzvirwere zvinotyisidzira hupenyu senge sepsis.
Mavhairasi anokonzera chirwere nekutapukira masero emuviri uye kukanganisa mashandiro awo akajairika. Mamwe mavhairasi anonyanya kuenderana nerudzi rwesero raanotapurira. Mienzaniso yezvirwere zvemavhairasi inosanganisira furuwenza (influenza virus), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), uye AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV). Mamwe mavhairasi anonyanya kupararira, sefuruwenza, nepo mamwe anogona kuva asingaperi, seHIV kana hepatitis B.
4. Kurapa nekudzivirira
Mumwe musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya uri pakuti anorapwa uye anodzivirirwa sei.
Utachiona hwemabhakitiriya hunowanzo shandiswa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, iyo inoshanda nekuuraya mabhakitiriya kana kudzivirira kukura kwawo. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunofanira kunge kwakakodzera uye kwakaringana kudzivirira kusakwanisa kurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uko mabhakitiriya anokura kugona kudzivirira migumisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Utachiona hwemavhairasi hahugone kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Kurapa hutachiona hwemavhairasi kunowanzova nezviratidzo, zvichibatsira kuderedza zviratidzo apo simba remuviri rekudzivirira chirwere rinokura. Zvisinei, mimwe mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi inogona kugadzirwa kuti irwise mavhairasi chaiwo, ichidzivisa mararamiro awo uye ichideredza kuoma kwehutachiona. Semuenzaniso, mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi inoshandiswa kudzora HIV, uye mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi yakaita seoseltamivir inoshandiswa pakurwisa furuwenza.
Kudzivirira kwakasiyanawo pakati pehutachiona hwemabhakitiriya nehutachiona. Kubaiwa nhomba inzira inoshanda zvikuru yekudzivirira hutachiona hwakawanda, hwakadai sehwefuruwenza, hepatitis, neHPV. Zvimwe zvirwere zvebhakitiriya zvinogonawo kudzivirirwa nekubaiwa nhomba, zvakaita sehwetetanus, pertussis, uye Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Maitiro akanaka ehutsanana, hutsanana, uye matanho ekudzivirira hutachiona zvakakoshawo mukudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona nehutachiona.
5. Kubudirira kweKuramba
Kukura kwekusagona kurwisa utachiona inyaya yakakoshawo panyaya yemabhakitiriya nemavhairasi.
Kusakwanisa kurwisa mabhakitiriya nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kwave dambudziko guru pasi rose. Kushandiswa zvakanyanya uye kusashandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvisina kunaka kwakaita kuti mabhakitiriya asingade mishonga iyi awedzere, zvichiita kuti mamwe hutachiona hwaimbova nyore kurapa huve hwakaoma kubata nahwo. Mienzaniso yehutachiona husingade mishonga inosanganisira methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) uye multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Kune rumwe rutivi, mavhairasi anogonawo kuramba mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi. Semuenzaniso, mamwe marudzi eHIV ave kuramba mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi akawanda. Kuchinja kwemajini nekukurumidza mumavhairasi akadai sefuruwenza zvinorevawo kuti majekiseni nemishonga zvinofanirwa kugara zvichigadziriswa kuti zvigadzirise marudzi matsva ari kubuda.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa musiyano uripo pakati pemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya kwakakosha munyaya dzekurapa nedzehutano hweveruzhinji. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvose izvi zvichigona kukonzera zvirwere, zvakasiyana zvikuru muchimiro chazvo, nzira dzekubereka nadzo, mhando dzezvirwere zvazvinokonzera, uye nzira dzekurapa nekudzivirira. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha kwete chete kune vezvekurapa asiwo kune veruzhinji kuti varambe vaine hutano uye vadzivise kushandiswa kwemishonga zvisina kukodzera. Neruzivo rwakakodzera uye matanho ekudzivirira akakwana, tinogona kudzora kupararira kwehutachiona uye kuvandudza hutano hwepasi rose.
