Mavhairasi neMabhakitiriya Anokonzera Kutapukirwa
Utachiona chirwere apo tupukanana tunopinda mumuviri, twowanda, uye twozotanga kuzvimba kana kukanganisa mashandiro enhengo. Zvikonzero zviviri zvinonyanya kutaurwa nezvazvo zvehutachiona mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya. Zvese zvinogona kukonzera chirwere, kupararira kubva kumunhu mumwe kuenda kune mumwe, uye kukonzera denda. Zvisinei, mararamiro avo, nzira yavanorwisa nayo muviri, uye nzira yavanorapwa nayo zvakasiyana. Kunzwisisa musiyano uripo pakati pemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya kwakakosha kudzivirira mafungiro asina kunaka—semuenzaniso, kufunga kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kurapa zvirwere zvese zvinotapukira, asi chaizvoizvo haigone.
Chii chinonzi hutachiona?
Mavhairasi zvidiki zvikuru zvinotapurirana, kunyange zvidiki pane mabhakitiriya. Mavhairasi haasi masero mapenyu zvizere, asina chimiro chakakwana chemasero uye haakwanise kubereka ega. Kuti abereke, mavhairasi anofanira kupinda musero rinopinda (sero remunhu, remhuka, kana rezvirimwa) uye "ashandise" michina yesero iroro kuti azviite akafanana nawo.
Muchidimbu, mavhairasi anowanzo kuve ne:
– Zvinhu zvemajini (DNA kana RNA),
– Capsid (ganda remapuroteni),
– Mune mamwe marudzi, kune lipid sheath (envelopu) inotangira pamembrane yesero remugadziri.
Kuenderana kwehutachiona nemasero emuviri kunoita kuti hutachiona huve hwakaoma. Zviratidzo zvinogona kunge zvakapfava sefuruu, kana zvakanyanya sekukuvadzwa kwenhengo dzemuviri kana zvirwere zvemuviri. Nekuti mavhairasi anoshandisa masero evanhu kuti abereke, mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi inofanira kunge yakanyatsojeka kudzivirira hutachiona pasina kukuvadza masero emuviri.
Mienzaniso yehutachiona hwehutachiona
Zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinozivikanwa zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi, zvinosanganisira:
- Furuwenza (virusi yefuruwenza) inorwisa kufema,
– COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) iyo inogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema kumatambudziko emuviri,
- Hepatitis B neC zvinorwisa chiropa,
– Dengue fever (dengue virus) inotapuriranwa neumhutu,
– Gwirikwiti (hutachiona hwechikwekwe) hunotapukira zvikuru,
- HIV inorwisa masoja emuviri.
Zviratidzo zvehutachiona hwemavhairasi zvinowanzosanganisira fivha, kushaya simba, kurwadziwa kwetsandanyama, mhino inoyerera, kukosora, kana kugaya chikafu. Zvisinei, hutachiona hwega hwega hune hunhu hwakasiyana uye kuoma kwahwo.
Mabhakitiriya chii?
Kusiyana nemavhairasi, mabhakitiriya zvipenyu zvine sero rimwe chete (prokaryotic) zvinogona kurarama zvakazvimirira. Mabhakitiriya ane chimiro chesero, madziro esero, uye membrane yesero, uye anogona kubereka nekukamura. Mabhakitiriya mazhinji anobatsira chaizvo, kunyangwe achigara mumuviri wemunhu se microbiota (semuenzaniso, muura neganda), achibatsira mukugaya kana kudzivirira kubva kuzvirwere.
Zvisinei, mamwe mabhakitiriya ane utachiona, zvichireva kuti anogona kukonzera chirwere. Utachiona hwebhakitiriya hunowanzoitika kana mabhakitiriya ane utachiona akapinda mumuviri, owanda, obva akuvadza nyama kana kugadzira chepfu.
Mienzaniso yehutachiona hwebhakitiriya
Zvirwere zvebhakitiriya zvinowanzoonekwa zvinosanganisira:
– TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) inorwisa mapapu,
– Huro inorwadza nekuda kweStreptococcus pyogenes,
– Mabhakitiriya ane pneumonia (semuenzaniso Streptococcus pneumoniae),
- Utachiona hwemunzira yeweti (UTIs) hunowanzo kukonzerwa neEscherichia coli,
– Typhus (Salmonella typhi),
– Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) inokonzera manyoka akanyanya,
– Zvirwere zveganda zvakaita semamota anokonzerwa neStaphylococcus aureus.
Zviratidzo zvehutachiona hwebhakitiriya zvinogona kusanganisira fivha, kurwadziwa kwemunzvimbo, kuzvimba, kubuda kwetsvina, kukosora netsvina yakakora, kana manyoka. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, hutachiona hunogona kupinda muropa hwokonzera sepsis, emergency inotyisidzira hupenyu.
Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya
Kunyangwe zvese zvichigona kukonzera hutachiona, musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi wakajeka:
1. Maumbirwo nemararamiro
– Mavhairasi: haasi masero akakwana, anofanira kushandisa masero emuviri kuti abereke.
– Mabhakitiriya: masero mapenyu akazvimirira, anogona kuzvibereka ega.
2. Mhinduro kumishonga
– Mavhairasi: haapinduri nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya; mamwe anogona kurapwa nemishonga chaiyo inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
– Mabhakitiriya: anogona kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kunyange hazvo mhando uye muyero zvichifanira kunge zvakarurama.
3. Maitiro ekuparadzira
– Zvose zvinogona kupararira kuburikidza nemadonhwe (kukosora/kuhotsira), kusangana zvakananga, kudya nekunwa, ropa, kusangana pabonde, kana zvinhu zvinoparadzira utachiona zvakaita seumhutu. Zvisinei, nzira yekupararira kwayo inoenderana nerudzi rwechirwere.
4. Kudzivirira
– Zvese izvi zvinogona kudzivirirwa kuburikidza nehutsanana hwakanaka, hutsanana, uye majekiseni (ezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana). Majekiseni anowanikwa zvakanyanya uye anoshanda kune hutachiona hwakawanda, asi kunewo majekiseni ebhakitiriya akadai se tetanus ne diphtheria.
Mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya anokonzera sei zvirwere?
Maitiro ehutachiona hwehutachiona
Mavhairasi anokonzera chirwere ne:
- Pinda mumasero emuviri,
- Kuzvikopera,
- Zvinokuvadza masero zvakananga kana kuti zvinokonzeresa kushanda zvakanyanya kwemuviri,
– Muzvimwe zviitiko, hutachiona hunogona kuramba huripo kwenguva yakareba uye hunokonzera hutachiona husingaperi (semuenzaniso, hepatitis kana HIV).
Matambudziko ehutachiona hwemavhairasi anogona kuitika nekuda kwekukuvara kwenyama, kuzvimba kwenguva refu, kana kudzikira kwesimba remuviri rekudzivirira zvirwere, izvo zvinogona kukonzera hutachiona hwechipiri.
Maitiro ehutachiona hwebhakitiriya
Mabhakitiriya anokonzera chirwere kuburikidza ne:
- Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwebhakitiriya munyama,
- Kugadzirwa kwechepfu (chepfu) dzinokuvadza masero,
– Kupinda kwenyama kunokonzera kuzvimba uye kuumbwa kweganda.
Mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kugadzira biofilms kana kuva nemakapisi, zvichiita kuti aomerwe nemasoja emuviri. Izvi zvinogonawo kuita kuti kurapwa kuome kana mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ikasasarudzwa nemazvo.
Kuongororwa uye kurapwa: sei usingafaniri kungotora mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya?
Pfungwa isiriyo ndeyekuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inorapa hutachiona hwese. Zvisinei, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshanda chete pakurwisa mabhakitiriya, kwete mavhairasi. Kusashandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvisina kunaka—semuenzaniso, padzihwa, iro rinowanzo kukonzerwa nemavhairasi—kunogona kutungamira mukusagona kurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, chirwere chinoita kuti mabhakitiriya asakwanise kurwisa mushonga.
Kusakwanisa kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya idambudziko repasi rose nekuti zvinoita kuti hutachiona hwemabhakitiriya hwaimbova nyore kurapa huome kurapa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, varwere vanogona kuda mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakasimba uye inodhura zvikuru ine migumisiro yakawanda, uye inogona kutotadza kurapwa.
Kuti vaone chikonzero chehutachiona, vashandi vehutano vanogona kushandisa:
- Kuongororwa kwekiriniki uye nhoroondo yekurapa,
– Kuongororwa kweropa (semuenzaniso zviratidzo zvekuzvimba),
- Kuongororwa kweSwab nePCR kwemamwe mavhairasi,
- Kugadzirwa kwebhakitiriya kubva muropa, weti, kana sputum,
– Kuongororwa kweX-rays kwakadai seX-rays kana paine fungidziro yekuti pane chirwere chemapapu.
Kurapwa kwakakodzera kunoenderana nechikonzero:
– Utachiona hwemavhairasi: kuzorora, mvura yakakwana, mishonga inoratidza zviratidzo (inoderedza fivha), uye mishonga inorwisa mavhairasi kana iripo uye ichidikanwa.
– Utachiona hwemabhakitiriya: mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya sezvakaratidzwa, nguva yakakodzera yekurapwa, uye kutarisa zviratidzo.
Kudzivirira utachiona muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Matanho ekudzivirira anoshanda ekuderedza njodzi yehutachiona hwemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya anosanganisira:
1. Geza maoko ako nesipo nemvura inoyerera, kunyanya usati wadya uye wapedza kuenda kuchimbuzi.
2. Hunhu hwekukosora nekuhotsira nekuvhara muromo/mhino yako uchishandisa tishu kana mukati megokora rako.
3. Idya chikafu chakachena uye chakabikwa, uye inwa mvura yakachengeteka.
4. Kuchengetedza kuchena kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutsanana hwakanaka.
5. Kubaiwa majekiseni zvichienderana nenguva yakatarwa (semuenzaniso kubaiwa majekiseni evana, kubaiwa majekiseni efuruwenza, kubaiwa majekiseni ehepatitis, nezvimwewo sezvakakurudzirwa).
6. Pfeka chifukidziro chemaziso uye usasangana nemunhu kana uchirwara, kunyanya kana paine hutachiona hwekufema.
7. Shandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya nekuchenjera, zvichibva pane zvakanyorerwa nachiremba kana kurudziro kubva kunyanzvi yehutano.
Penutup
Mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya ndizvo zvikonzero zvikuru zviviri zvinokonzera hutachiona muvanhu, asi ane hunhu hwakasiyana, nzira dzekurwisa muviri, uye marapirwo akasiyana. Mavhairasi anoda kuti masero emuviri abereke uye haagone kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, nepo mabhakitiriya ari zvipenyu zvakazvimiririra zvinogona kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana zvikashandiswa zvakakodzera. Nekunzwisisa misiyano iyi, veruzhinji vanogona kuwana ruzivo rwakawanda mukupindura kuzvirwere zvinotapukira: kutora matanho ekudzivirira, kudzivirira kutya, uye kudzivirira kushandisa mishonga zvisina tsarukano. Dzidzo, hutsanana, uye kubaiwa majekiseni zvinoramba zviri chinhu chakakosha mukuderedza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira munharaunda.
