Mhando dzeMishonga yekudzivirira uye Kushanda Kwayo
Majekiseni ndeimwe yemabasa makuru muhutano hwevanhu. Nekukurudzira masoja emuviri kuti azive uye arwise hutachiona, majekiseni anobatsira kudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira, kuderedza kurwara, uye kuderedza njodzi yezvinetso zvakakomba nerufu. Zvisinei, mibvunzo inowanzo muka: ndeapi marudzi emajekiseni aripo, anoshanda sei, uye anoshanda sei (kushanda) mukudzivirira muviri? Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mhando dzemajekiseni anoshandiswa kazhinji, pfungwa yekushanda zvakanaka uye zvinhu zvinopesvedzera.
Chii chinonzi kushanda kwejekiseni?
Kushanda zvakanaka kwejekiseni inzira yekuyera kuti jekiseni rinodzivirira sei chirwere pasi pemamiriro ekuyedzwa kwekiriniki anodzorwa. Kushanda zvakanaka kunowanzo ratidzwa sechikamu. Semuenzaniso, kushanda zvakanaka kwe90% zvinoreva kuti njodzi yekubata chirwere muboka rakabayiwa majekiseni yakaderera zvakanyanya pane muboka risina kubayiwa majekiseni muchidzidzo. Kusiyana nekushanda zvakanaka, izwi rekuti "kushanda zvakanaka kwejekiseni" rinoreva kushanda kwejekiseni munyika chaiyo, iyo inokanganiswa nekusiyana kwevanhu, kutevedzera purogiramu yekubaiwa majekiseni, kutonhora, uye kubuda kwemarudzi ezvirwere.
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti nhamba dzekushanda zvakanaka hadziwanzoratidza dziviriro kubva kuzvirwere zvese. Mishonga yakawanda yekudzivirira zvirwere inoshanda zvikuru mukudzivirira zvirwere zvakakomba nerufu, kunyangwe kushanda kwayo pakurwisa hutachiona husina kunyanya kuipa kana husina zviratidzo kwakaderera. Saka, kududzira kushanda zvakanaka kunoda kufunga nezvemhedzisiro iri kuyerwa: hutachiona, zviratidzo, kugara muchipatara, kana kufa.
1) Mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere unorapwa nehutachiona
Majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere akasimba anoshandisa utachiona husina simba (mavhairasi kana mabhakitiriya) akange asina simba saka haakonzeri chirwere kuvanhu vane hutano hwakanaka. Nekuti anotevedzera hutachiona hwechisikigo, majekiseni aya anowanzo gadzira mhinduro yakasimba uye inogara kwenguva refu yekudzivirira chirwere, kazhinji nedosi imwe chete kana mbiri.
Mienzaniso: mushonga wekudzivirira gwirikwiti, mumps, rubella (MMR), varicella (chickenpox), rotavirus, uye mimwe mishonga yekudzivirira gwirikwiti yeyellow fever.
Kushanda zvakanaka: Kazhinji kacho mushonga uyu wakakwira kudzivirira zviratidzo zvechirwere uye kukura kwekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, mushonga uyu haukurudzirwi kuvanhu vane kushomeka kwakanyanya kwemuviri mumuviri kana vakadzi vane pamuviri nekuda kwenjodzi isingawanzoitiki yehutachiona hunokonzerwa nejekiseni.
Zvakanakira: kupindura kwakasimba kwemuviri, dziviriro inogara kwenguva refu.
Zvakashata: zvinoda kuchengetwa kwakasimba, zvinorambidzwa mune mamwe mapoka.
2) Jekiseni risina kushanda (jekiseni risina kushanda/rakaurayiwa)
Majekiseni asina kushanda anogadzirwa kubva kuzvirwere zvakaurayiwa kuburikidza nemakemikari kana maitiro emuviri. Nekuti zvirwere hazvigone kuzvarwa, majekiseni aya anowanzo kuve akachengeteka kumapoka ane dziviriro yemuviri isina simba, asi anowanzoda madosi akawanda uye anosimudzira kuti arambe akachengeteka.
Mienzaniso: mushonga wekudzivirira polio usina kushanda (IPV), hepatitis A, chimbwamupengo, uye mamwe majekiseni ekudzivirira furuwenza.
Kushanda: Kunosiyana, asi kazhinji kwakanaka pakudzivirira chirwere chero bedzi purogiramu yekurapa ikateverwa. Mamwe majekiseni asina kushanda akawedzera kushanda kwawo mushure mekushandisa mushonga unosimudzira.
Zvakanakira: yakagadzikana, yakachengeteka kumapoka akawanda.
Zvakashata: kupindura kwemuviri kungave kusina simba pane majekiseni mhenyu; chinowedzera simba chinodiwa.
3) Mishonga yekudzivirira zvipembenene, recombinant, polysaccharide, uye conjugate
Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira majekiseni anoshandisa zvikamu zvakati chete zvechirwere (semuenzaniso, mapuroteni kana capsular polysaccharides), kwete chipenyu chose. Nekuti zvikamu zvinopihwa zvakananga, migumisiro yemuviri inowanzova mishoma, asi simba uye nguva yemhinduro yekudzivirira muviri zvinoenderana nekugadzirwa uye zvibatsiro.
a) Mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere yeSubunit/recombinant
Kushandisa mapuroteni chaiwo anobva kuzvirwere zvinotapukira, anowanzogadzirwa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira majini.
Mienzaniso: hepatitis B, HPV, mamwe majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere chepertussis.
Kushanda zvakanaka: kazhinji kwakanyanya kudzivirira chirwere chinotapuriranwa, kunyanya kana purogiramu yakazara yemushonga ichiteverwa.
b) Mushonga wePolysaccharide
Kushandisa polysaccharides kubva kumakapisi ebhakitiriya. Muvana vadiki, mhinduro yemuviri kupolysaccharides yakachena inogona kunge isiri yakanaka.
Muenzaniso: mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere chepneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) mune mamwe mapoka.
c) Jekiseni rekudzivirira chirwere cheConjugate
Kusanganisa mapolysaccharides nemapuroteni anotakura kuitira kuti masoja emuviri (kusanganisira vacheche) apindure zvakasimba uye agadzire ndangariro yekudzivirira muviri.
Mienzaniso: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), PCV (pneumococcal conjugate), meningococcal conjugate.
Kushanda zvakanaka: kwakanaka kwazvo mukuderedza zvirwere zvinopinda mumuviri, kunyanya kuvana, uye kunogonawo kuderedza kutapurirana kuburikidza nekudzivirira kwezvirwere zveboka.
4) Mushonga weToxoid
Zvimwe zvirwere zvine njodzi zvinokonzerwa nehupfu hunogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya kwete mabhakitiriya pachawo. Majekiseni eToxoid anoshandisa chepfu isina simba, zvichiita kuti asakuvadze asi achiri kukwanisa kukonzera kuumbwa kwema antibodies e antitoxin.
Mienzaniso: diphtheria netetanus (kazhinji zvinosanganiswa DPT/DTaP/Tdap).
Kushanda zvakanaka: kwakanyanya kudzivirira zvirwere zvakakomba zvinokonzerwa nehupfu, asi kunoda kuwedzerwa nguva nenguva sezvo dziviriro yemuviri inogona kudzikira nekufamba kwenguva.
Zvakanakira: inoshanda zvikuru pakurwisa matambudziko akakomba.
Zvakashata: vanoda zvinhu zvinosimudzira muviri zvakarongwa.
5) Majekiseni anorwisa hutachiona
Mushonga uyu unoshandisa imwe hutachiona "husina njodzi" senzira yekutakura zvinhu zvemajini zvinoumba maantigen ehutachiona hwacho. Masero emuviri anobva agadzira maantigen aya, zvichikonzera mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri.
Muenzaniso: mimwe mishonga yekudzivirira COVID-19 inogadzirwa neadenovirus.
Kushanda zvakanaka: kunogona kuva kwakanyanya, kunyanya kudzivirira chirwere chakakomba. Zvisinei, kushanda zvakanaka kwehutachiona kunogona kukanganiswa nekudzivirirwa kwemuviri kuhutachiona hwekare (semuenzaniso, kusangana neadenovirus kare), pamwe nekuchinja kwerudzi rwehutachiona hwakanangana nahwo.
Zvakanakira: zvinokonzeresa mhinduro dzakanaka dzemuviri dzemuviri uye dzemasero.
Zvakashata: matambudziko ekudzivirira zvirwere zvevector, pamwe nekudiwa kwenzira dzakakodzera dzekuwedzera simba remuviri.
6) mushonga wekudzivirira mRNA
Mishonga yekudzivirira chirwere yemRNA ine mirayiridzo yemajini (mRNA) yemasero emuviri kuti agadzire maantigen chaiwo (semuenzaniso, mapuroteni epamusoro pehutachiona). MRNA haipindi munucleus yesero uye inoora mushure mekushandiswa. Iyi tekinoroji inobvumira kugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira chirwere nekukurumidza uye kunochinjika.
Muenzaniso: mimwe mishonga yekudzivirira COVID-19.
Kushanda: Mumiedzo yekutanga yekiriniki yekurwisa mamwe marudzi, kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuva kwakanyanya mukudzivirira zviratidzo zvechirwere. Muchokwadi, kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuchinja zvichienderana nekubuda kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, nguva iri pakati pekubaiwa majekiseni, uye mamiriro emunhu mumwe nemumwe. Zvisinei, dziviriro kubva mukurapwa muchipatara nerufu inowanzoramba yakasimba, kunyanya mushure mekushandisa booster.
Zvakanakira: kukura nekukurumidza, simba rekudzivirira muviri.
Zvakashata: zvimwe zvinodiwa pakuchengetedza zvinhu zvinotonhora (zvichienderana nechigadzirwa), uye kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuderedzwa kana zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kusimbiswa.
Zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kushanda zvakanaka
1. Zera uye mamiriro ehutano: Vakuru kana vanhu vane zvirwere zvemuviri vanogona kunge vaine mhinduro shoma yemasoja emuviri.
2. Mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere uye purogiramu yekuwedzera: Mishonga yakawanda inoda mishonga yakakwana kuti idzivirire zvakakwana.
3. Kusiyana kwezvirwere: Kuchinja kwemasero kunogona kuchinja antigen zvekuti ma antibodies haakwanise kuiona.
4. Nzira yekuisa mushonga wekudzivirira hutachiona nechando: Nzira dzekuchengetedza nekuisa jekiseni dzinokanganisa kunaka kwejekiseni.
5. Nguva kubva pakubaiwa nhomba: Dziviriro yemuviri inogona kudzikira (kudzikira kwedziviriro yemuviri), saka chinowedzera simba chinodiwa.
6. Magumo akayerwa: Kushanda zvakanaka pakurwisa hutachiona kwakasiyana nekushanda zvakanaka pakurwisa chirwere chakakomba.
Mhedziso
Majekiseni akasiyana-siyana, kubva kumajekiseni ane simba rakadzikira kusvika kumajekiseni e-mRNA, rimwe nerimwe rine zvakanakira zvakasiyana, zvisingakwanisike, uye hunhu hwekushanda. Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunotibatsira kunyatsoongorora ruzivo rwejekiseni. Kushanda zvakanaka hakusi iko chete kuyera kubudirira; chinonyanya kukosha kugona kwejekiseni kuderedza njodzi yezvirwere zvakakomba, matambudziko, uye rufu, pamwe nekubatsira kwayo mukudzivirira zvirwere zveboka. Nekuvharwa kwakanaka kwejekiseni uye purogiramu yakakodzera yekuwedzera, majekiseni anoramba ari nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekudzora zvirwere zvinotapukira pakati pevanhu vakasiyana-siyana.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu echiIndonesia (semuenzaniso, kusanganisira muenzaniso wechirongwa chakakwana chekudzivirira chirwere) kana kushandura maitiro ekunyora kuti ave edzidzo yepamusoro, ane mareferensi.
