Dzidziso yePlate Tectonics muJografi
Pendauluan
Geography inyaya yekudzidza nezveNyika, kusanganisira zvinhu zvakasikwa uye kudyidzana kwevanhu nenzvimbo. Imwe yedzidziso dzakakosha mu physical geography idzidziso ye plate tectonics. Iyi dzidziso inopa tsananguro yakazara yekuchinja-chinja kwenzvimbo yePasi, iyo iri kuramba ichichinja nekuda kwekufamba kwemaplate anoumba goko rePasi. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura pfungwa huru dze plate tectonics theory, nhoroondo yekukura kwayo, mhando dzemiganhu yemaplate, mashandiro ekufamba, uye kukanganisa kwayo pajogirafi nehupenyu paPasi.
Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweTable Tectonic Theory
Dzidziso ye plate tectonics ibudiriro yedzidziso yekudzungaira kwe continental, yakatanga kutaurwa naAlfred Wegener pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Wegener akataura kuti makondinendi aripo iye zvino pakutanga aive chikamu che supercontinent imwe chete inozivikanwa sePangea. Supercontinent iyi yakatanga kupwanyika uye zvikamu zvayo zvakabva zvatsemuka. Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa iyi yaifadza, Wegener aisagona kutsanangura maitiro aikonzera kudzungaira kwe continental, uye dzidziso yake haina kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya panguva iyoyo.
Zvakatozosvika kuma1960 apo humbowo hwakabva muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita se geophysics, oceanography, uye paleontology, hwakatanga kutsigira pfungwa yekudonha kwekondinendi. Saka, dzidziso ye plate tectonics yakabuda, ichibatanidza kuwanikwa uku kwakakosha. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti goko rePasi rine maplate makuru nemadiki akawanda anofamba pamusoro pechikamu chemvura mukati mePasi chinozivikanwa se asthenosphere.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzePlate Tectonic Theory
Dzidziso ye plate tectonics inotsanangura kuti ganda rePasi (lithosphere) rakakamurwa kuita maplate akawanda anofamba nguva dzose. Lithosphere ine mhando mbiri dzeganda: gobvu asi rakareruka rekondinendi, uye gobvu rakatetepa asi rakakora remugungwa. Iri lithosphere rinoyangarara pa asthenosphere inopisa uye ine mvura yakawanda.
Kune mhando nhatu huru dzemiganhu yemaplate apo maplate etectonic anodyidzana: miganhu yakatsaukana, miganhu inopindirana, uye miganhu inoshandura. Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rwemiganhu rune hunhu hwakasiyana hwe geology uye zviitiko zvechisikigo.
1. Muganhu Wakasiyana-siyana
Pamiganhu yakasiyana, maplate anotama kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Chiitiko ichi chinowanzo kuwanikwa pasi pegungwa muchimiro chemakomo ari pakati pegungwa. Pamativi aya, magma inobva kuasthenosphere inokwira pamusoro, ichigadzira goko idzva regungwa. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru iMid-Atlantic Ridge muAtlantic Ocean. Kuitika kwemakomo nekudengenyeka kwenyika zvakajairika munzvimbo iyi.
2. Muganhu weConvergent
Pamiganhu inopindirana, maplate anofamba akanangana uye anogona kusangana nemhando nhatu dzekudyidzana: subduction, collision, kana obduction. Pa subduction zones, plate yegungwa yakakora inonyura pasi pe continental plate. Kubatana uku kunogona kukonzera kuputika kwemakomo uye kudengenyeka kwenyika kune simba, sezvinoonekwa muPacific Ring of Fire. Pa collision zones, maplate maviri e continental anosangana, zvichigadzira makomo, akadai seHimalayas, ayo anoramba achikura nekuda kwekurovera kwemaplate eIndo-Australian neEurasian. Pa collision zones, zvikamu zve crust yegungwa zvinosimudzwa uye zvinoiswa pamusoro pe continental crust, kunyange izvi zvisingawanzoitiki.
3. Miganhu Yekuchinja
Pamiganhu yekuchinja, maplate anofamba akatwasuka achipfuura nepakati peimwe. Kufamba uku hakugumisi pakuumbwa kweplate kana kuparadzwa, asi kunowanzo kukonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa wemuganhu wekuchinja iSan Andreas Fault muCalifornia, uko maplate ePacific neNorth America anotsvedza achipfuura nepakati peimwe.
Maitiro Ekufambisa Plate
Kuumbwa, kufamba, uye kuparadzwa kwematectonic plates kunokonzerwa nekupisa kwemukati mePasi, uko kunobva mukushanda kwemwaranzi mukati mePasi. Zvinotendwa kuti nzira dzinoverengeka dzekutanga dzinokanganisa kufamba kwemaplate, kusanganisira convection currents, plate drag, uye ridge thrust.
1. Mafungu eConvection
Mukati me asthenosphere, kupisa kunobva pakati peNyika kunoita kuti zvinhu zvinopisa zvikwire uye zvinhu zvinotonhorera zvinyure munzira yekutenderera inozivikanwa se convection currents. Aya ma convection currents anoshanda semabhandi anotakura ma lithospheric plates ari pamusoro pawo.
2. Kudhonza Ndiro
Ndiro yegungwa inodhonza pasi inodhonza kumashure kwendiro nenzira inozivikanwa sekuti plate drag. Nekuti plate yegungwa inorema, inonyura mu asthenosphere, ichidhonza plate yese nayo.
3. Kurovera kweRidge
Pamiganhu yakasiyana, zvinhu zvitsva zvinokwira kubva mu asthenosphere zvinosunda maplates nenzira dzakasiyana nenzira inonzi ridge thrusting. Kumanikidzwa kubva ku magma inokwira kunoita kuti maplates aya asundire kure.
Kukanganiswa kwePlate Tectonics paJografi neHupenyu
Dzidziso ye plate tectonics yakabatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa kwedu geography yePasi uye geology. Mabasa ari pamiganhu ye tectonic plate anoita basa guru mukuumba nzvimbo yePasi, kugadzira nzvimbo itsva, uye kuchinja mamiriro ekunze nenzvimbo dzekugara kwezvinhu zvipenyu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
1. Kugadzira Nzvimbo
Kushanda kweplate tectonic ndiko kunoita kuti pave nemakomo , mapurani, mipata ine mipata, uye mabheseni egungwa. Semuenzaniso, Himalayas dzakaumbwa nekuda kwekuroverana pakati peplate dzeIndo-Australian neEurasian. Kusiyana neizvi, mipata mikuru yakaita seGreat Rift Valley muEast Africa yakaumbwa sezvo plates dzakaparadzaniswa pamiganhu yakasiyana.
2. Kudengenyeka kwenyika nekuputika kwemakomo
Munzvimbo dziri pedyo nemiganhu yeplate, dzakadai sePacific Ring of Fire, kudengenyeka kwenyika nekuputika kwemakomo zvinowanzoitika. Kudengenyeka uku hakungochinji chete pamusoro pePasi asiwo kune simba guru pavanhu vanogara munzvimbo idzi dzinosangana nenjodzi.
3. Kusiyana-siyana kweZvipenyu neKushanduka-shanduka
Kufamba kwemaplate etectonic kunoumbawo mamiriro ekunze nenzvimbo dzezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinopa basa rekupararira kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa panyika. Sezvo makondinendi achifamba, anotakura zvirimwa nemhuka dzakajairwa nenzvimbo itsva, nokudaro zvichikurumidzisa kushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, kuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo dzekondinendi yeAustralia kwakabvumira kukura kwemarudzi akasiyana asingawanikwe kune imwe nzvimbo.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso ye plate tectonics ipfungwa huru mune geography, inotsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda zvechisikigo zvinoitika pamusoro peNyika. Kubva pakuumbwa kwemakomo kusvika kudengenyeka kwenyika nekuputika kwemakomo, kufamba kwema plate tectonic kune simba guru pane physical geography, geology, uye hupenyu paNyika. Kunzwisisa mashandiro ekufamba kwema plate aya kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro ePasi uye kuderedza njodzi dzinokonzereswa nadzo. Nekuramba tichidzidza dzidziso iyi zvakadzama, tinogona kuva neruzivo rwakawanda mukuronga budiriro nekuchengetedza nharaunda yezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
