Tekinoroji yeGPS uye Mashandisirwo Ayo muJografi
Tekinoroji yeGlobal Positioning System (GPS) yave chikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwemazuva ano, kubva pakufamba kwemotokari kusvika kumepu yenzvimbo. Munzvimbo, GPS inonzwisiswa kwete sechishandiso chekuona nzvimbo chete asiwo setekinoroji inotsigira kuunganidzwa kwedata renzvimbo, ongororo yenzvimbo, uye kuita sarudzo dzakavakirwa panzvimbo. Nekugona kwayo kupa macoordinates nekukurumidza uye nemazvo, GPS inowedzera nzira iyo vanoongorora nzvimbo vanonzwisisa pamusoro pePasi uye mashandiro anoitika pairi. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura tsananguro yeGPS, misimboti yayo yekushanda, mhando dzayo, uye mashandisirwo ayo muminda yakasiyana-siyana yenzvimbo.
Tsanangudzo uye nhoroondo pfupi yeGPS
GPS inzira yekufambisa data yakagadzirwa nesateliti neUnited States kuti ipe ruzivo nezvenzvimbo, kumhanya, uye nguva pamusoro penyika. Kuvandudzwa kwacho kwakatanga kuma1970 uye kwakazovhurwa kuti kushandiswe nevanhuwo zvavo mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20. Nhasi, GPS yakabatanidzwa muzvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira mafoni, mawachi, mota, uye kunyange michina yehunyanzvi yekuongorora.
Kunyange hazvo izwi rekuti "GPS" richiwanzo shandiswa zvakanyanya, kune mamwe masisitimu esatellite ekufamba-famba pasi rose nhasi, akadai seGLONASS (Russia), Galileo (European Union), uye BeiDou (China). Mukuita mamepu uye geographic, zvishandiso zvakawanda zvemazuva ano zvinoshandisa musanganiswa wemasatellite kubva kumasisitimu aya, anonzi Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Zvisinei, GPS ichiri izwi rinonyanya kufarirwa retekinoroji yekuisa nzvimbo yakavakirwa pasatellite.
Mashandiro anoita GPS
GPS inoshanda nekushandisa zviratidzo zvinobva kumaseteraiti anotenderera Pasi. Chaizvoizvo, GPS receiver inoverenga daro riri pakati payo nemaseteraiti akawanda zvichienderana nenguva yekufamba kwemasaini eredhiyo. Nekuti maseteraiti anotumira zviratidzo zvine ruzivo rwenguva nenzvimbo, mugamuchiri anogona kuverenga "pseudorange," kana kuti daro riri pachena. Nekugamuchira zviratidzo kubva kumaseteraiti mana, mugamuchiri anogona kuona zvikamu zvitatu zvenzvimbo (latitude, longitude, uye urefu) uye kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvenguva muwachi yemukati memudziyo.
Pfungwa huru inoshandiswa ndeye trilateralation: kuziva nzvimbo kuburikidza nekusangana kwe "mabhora" akawanda ari pakati pesatellite. Masatellite akawanda anotorwa uye geometry yesatellite (inozivikanwa seDOP, Dilution of Precision), ndiko kuwedzera kwekururama kwenzvimbo kunogona kuwanikwa.
Kururama kweGPS uye zvinhu zvinoipesvedzera
Kururama kweGPS kunosiyana zvichienderana nemhando yemudziyo uye mamiriro ekunze. Midziyo yeGPS iri panharembozha inowanzova nekururama kwemamita mashoma mumhepo yakavhurika. Panguva imwecheteyo, michina yekuongorora yeGNSS geodetic inogona kuwana kunyatsorurama kwemasendimita, kunyanya kana ichishandisa nzira dzekugadzirisa musiyano.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinokanganisa kururama zvinosanganisira:
1. Mamiriro ekunze (ionosphere netroposphere): Zviratidzo zvesatellite zvinogona kunonoka, zvichiita kuti kuverenga daro kukanganise zvishoma.
2. Nzira Dzakawanda: Chiratidzo chinosvetuka kubva pazvivakwa, pamawere, kana pamusoro pemvura, uye chobva chagamuchirwa sechiratidzo chekuwedzera, chinopindira.
3. Zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri: Denga remasango akasimba, zvivakwa zvirefu, kana mipata mitete zvinogona kuderedza huwandu hwemasatellite anogona kutorwa.
4. Hunhu hwemugamuchiri neantenna: Midziyo yekuongorora yehunyanzvi inoshandisa antenna nemaalgorithms zviri nani kupfuura michina yevatengi.
5. Satellite geometry (DOP): Masatellite akarongwa pedyo zvakanyanya anoita kuti nzvimbo yekuverengera ive isina kunaka.
Kuti zvinhu zvinyatsofamba zvakanaka, nzira dzakadai seDifferential GPS (DGPS), Real-Time Kinematic (RTK), kana network-based correction (CORS/Continuously Operating Reference Stations) dzinoshandiswa. Nzira idzi dzinoenzanisa masaini anobva kunharembozha nereferensi ine nzvimbo yatozivikanwa.
Basa reGPS mujogirafi
Munzvimbo, ruzivo rwenzvimbo ihwaro hwakakosha. Mepu, ongororo yekushandiswa kwenyika, tsvakiridzo yenjodzi, uye kunyange zvidzidzo zvekugoverwa kwevanhu zvinoda ruzivo rwakarurama rwenzvimbo. GPS inobatanidza nyika chaiyo nemasisitimu ekubatanidza, zvichibvumira zviitiko zviri pamusoro pePasi kunyorwa sedata renzvimbo uye kuongororwazve uchishandisa GIS (Geographic Information Systems).
GPS inowanzo sanganiswa nekuona zviri kure uye tekinoroji yeGIS. Kunyange hazvo mifananidzo yesatellite ichipa maonero epasi, GPS inotsigira kuongororwa kwepasi uye marongero akarurama. Kubatanidzwa kwezvitatu izvi kunoita kuti pave nemamepu anokurumidza, akajeka, uye ane mutoro.
Mashandisirwo eGPS mukugadzira mepu nekuongorora
Kushandiswa kwakajairika kweGPS mujogirafi ndeyekumepa. Mukuongorora kwemumunda, GPS inoshandiswa ku:
- Sarudza nzvimbo yenzvimbo dzekudzora senzvimbo yekutarisa.
- Kugadzira miganhu yekutonga, miganhu yenyika, kana mamwe maumbirwo enyika.
- Gadzira nzira dzerwizi, migwagwa kana mahombekombe nenzira yakarongeka.
Pakumepu yakakura, yakadai semamepu eguta ane ruzivo rwakadzama kana miganhu yenyika, kushandisa GNSS neRTK kunobatsira zvikuru nekuda kwekururama kwayo uye kushanda kwayo zvakanaka panguva. Panguva imwecheteyo, pakuongorora nekukurumidza kwepakati nepakati, GPS inobatwa neruoko yakakwana pakuunganidza zvinhu zvakakosha, zvakaita senzvimbo yezvivakwa zveveruzhinji kana nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa.
GPS yekutsvaga ruzivo rwezvenzvimbo
Physical geography inodzidza zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaita se geomorphology, hydrology, uye climatology. GPS inotsigira tsvakiridzo iyi kuburikidza ne:
– Zvidzidzo zvekuchinja kwemhenderekedzo yegungwa: Kuyerwa kwenzvimbo uchishandisa GPS kunogona kuratidza kukweshwa kana kuunganidzwa kwenzvimbo.
– Kutarisa mafashamo: Nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzinogona kuiswa uye kuongororwa kuti hadzina kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva.
- Ongororo dzerwizi nedzemvura (DAS): GPS inobatsira kuronga nzira dzerwizi, nzvimbo dzekusangana dzemvura, nenzvimbo dzekutarisa kubudiswa kwemvura uye hunhu hwayo.
– Kuongororwa kwenzvimbo diki: Nekushandisa GNSS yakanyatsojeka, vaongorori vanogona kuona kukwirira kwenzvimbo kana mafashamo kana kukurwa kwevhu.
Muzvidzidzo zvenjodzi, GPS inowanzoshandiswawo mukuunganidza ruzivo rwemumunda mushure menjodzi, zvakaita sekugadzira mapu enzvimbo dzakakanganiswa, nzvimbo dzevapoteri, uye kugovera rubatsiro.
GPS mudunhu revanhu uye kuronga nharaunda
Munzvimbo yevanhu, GPS inoita basa guru mukudzidza kufamba, kugoverwa kwezviitiko, uye kudyidzana kwenzvimbo. Semuenzaniso:
- Kuongorora maitiro ekufamba: Data reGPS kubva kune vanopindura kana mota dzinogona kuratidza nzira dzinoshandiswa nevanhu vakawanda, nguva dzekufamba, uye nzvimbo dzekuzara kwevanhu.
- Kuronga zvekufambisa: GPS inotsigira kurongwa kwemigwagwa uye kuongorora mashandiro ezvekufambisa.
– Kuronga nzvimbo: Kuona nzvimbo dziri zvivakwa zveveruzhinji zvakaita sezvikoro, nzvimbo dzehutano, nenzvimbo dzakavhurika dzegirinhi kunogona kubatanidzwa nekuongorora kwekufukidza kwemabasa kwakavakirwa pa network.
– Zvidzidzo zvemumaguta: GPS inobatsira kuronga mashandisirwo chaiwo evhu nemabasa ehupfumi asina kurongeka asingawanzo nyorwa mudata repamutemo.
Nekuwedzera kwedata guru, data renzvimbo kubva kumafoni rinogona kuongororwa pamwe chete kuti tinzwisise mashandiro eguta. Zvisinei, izvi zvinodawo manejimendi yedata ine hunhu hwakanaka uye kuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kweruzivo.
Kubatanidzwa kweGPS neGIS uye mashandisirwo edhijitari
GPS inonyanya kubatsira kana yakabatanidzwa neGIS. Kana macoordinates aunganidzwa mumunda, data rinogona kupinzwa muGIS software ku:
- Gadzira mamepu ane dingindira (semuenzaniso, mamepu ekugovera emuenzaniso).
- Kuongorora daro uye mukana wekusvika kwaro.
- Verenga nzvimbo nemuganhu wepolygon zvichibva pakushandiswa kwenzvimbo yacho.
- Sanganisa data reGPS nemifananidzo yesatellite kana mamapu epasi.
Nhasi uno, mamepu anoshandiswa pamafoni anoita kuti zvive nyore kuunganidzwa kwedata remumunda. Vaongorori vanogona kuzadza mafomu, kutora mifananidzo ine ma "geotagged", uye kutumira data zvakananga kuseva, zvichiita kuti maitiro emepu akurumidze uye ashande pamwe chete.
Matambudziko etsika nematambudziko
Kunyange zvazvo zvichibatsira, kushandisa GPS kune matambudziko. Munzvimbo dzine masango akawanda kana nzvimbo dzine maguta akawanda, chiratidzo chinogona kunge chisina simba, zvichikonzera data risina kunyatsojeka. Uyezve, kuvimba netekinoroji yesatellite kunounzawo njodzi kana zviratidzo zvikakanganiswa kana zvirambidzo zvekupinda.
Nyaya dzetsika dzakakoshawo, kunyanya maererano nekutevera nzvimbo yemunhu. Ruzivo rweGPS runogona kuratidza mararamiro emunhu, saka mitemo yakajeka maererano nekubvumidzwa, kusazivikanwa kwedata, uye kuchengetwa kwakachengeteka zvinodiwa. Mukutsvaga kwenzvimbo yevanhu, vaongorori vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti kuunganidzwa kwedata renzvimbo hakukuvadzi vanopindura.
Penutup
Tekinoroji yeGPS yakachinja maitirwo enzvimbo: kubva pakungotarisa nemaoko uye kudhirowa kusvika pakuunganidzwa kwedata renzvimbo rakarurama rinogona kuongororwa nekombiyuta. Ichishandisa musimboti wekuti satellite-based trilateration, GPS inogonesa kukurumidza kuisa nzvimbo, kutsigira mepu, kuongorora, kutsvakurudza kwenzvimbo, uye kuronga nzvimbo. Kubatanidzwa kwayo neGIS nemashandisirwo edhijitari kunosimbisa basa reGPS mukuita sarudzo dzinotungamirirwa nedata. Kufambira mberi, matambudziko ehunyanzvi netsika anofanirwa kutarisirwa nemazvo kuitira kuti kushandiswa kweGPS munzvimbo iyi kurambe kwakarurama, kwakachengeteka, uye kunobatsira nharaunda yakakura.
