Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweMafungiro eGeographical
Jogirafi haisi kungodzidza nezvemamepu kana kurangarira mazita enzvimbo. Inzira yekufunga nezvenzvimbo, nzvimbo, nharaunda, uye hukama hwakaoma pakati pevanhu nezvisikwa. Munhoroondo, kufunga nezvenzvimbo kwakaramba kuchichinja zvichienderana nekufambira mberi kwesainzi, zvinodiwa munharaunda, uye tekinoroji. Kufambira mberi uku kwakaumba jogirafi kuita chidzidzo chemazuva ano chinotsanangura kwete chete kuti chiitiko chinoitika kupi, asiwo kuti nei chichiitika ikoko uye kuti chinokanganisa sei dzimwe nzvimbo. Inotevera ipfupiso yenhoroondo yekukura kwepfungwa dzenzvimbo kubva pamazuva ekutanga kusvika panguva yemazuva ano.
1. Midzi Yepfungwa Dzenzvimbo Munyika Yekare
Kufunga nezvenzvimbo kwagara kuripo kubvira pakutanga kwebudiriro, apo vanhu vakatanga kufamba, kutengeserana, uye kugadzira nzvimbo. VaIjipita, vaBhabhironi, nevaFenikiya vaiziva nezvenzizi, mwaka, nzira dzemhepo, uye nzira dzekufamba nechikepe. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiri kushanda uye zvisina kurongeka, ruzivo urwu ndirwo hwaro hwenzvimbo: kunzwisisa nzvimbo yekupona nekudyidzana.
MuGreece Yekare, pfungwa dzenzvimbo dzakatanga kukura sechikamu cheuzivi nesainzi. Vanhu vakaita saThales naAnaximander vakatanga kusava nechokwadi nezvechimiro cheNyika uye kudhirowa pasi rose. Hecataeus akaunganidza tsananguro dzenzvimbo nevanhu mumabasa akafanana ne "nzvimbo dzenzvimbo" dzekare. Izvi zvakaguma naEratosthenes (zana remakore rechitatu BC), uyo anowanzo zivikanwa nekushandisa kwekutanga izwi rekuti "nzvimbo" uye uyo akabudirira kufungidzira denderedzwa reNyika nekutarisa mumvuri wezuva. Strabo akanyorawo nzvimbo dzinotsanangura - achitsanangura matunhu, tsika, uye hupfumi - nepo Ptolemy akatanga system ye latitude-longitude coordinate iyo yakava hwaro hwemamepu emazuva ano.
2. Mipiro kuNyika yeIslam neMiddle Ages
Munguva yeMiddle Ages muEurope, kufambira mberi kwesainzi kwakadzikira nekuda kwekuwanda kwemamwe maonero echitendero. Zvisinei, munyika yeIslam, nzvimbo yakabudirira pamwe nekufambira mberi mukutengeserana, kufamba, uye kutonga kwenzvimbo dzakakura.
Vanhu vakakosha vakaita saAl-Idrisi vakaunganidza mepu yenyika yakarurama muzana remakore rechi12 uye vakanyora tsananguro dzenzvimbo zvichibva pamishumo yekufamba. Ibn Battuta, kuburikidza nerondedzero dzake dzekufamba, akapa ruzivo rwenzvimbo pamusoro pevanhu nenzvimbo muAfrica, Asia, neEurope. Al-Biruni akaitawo zviyero zvepasi uye akadzidza mamiriro ekunze uye zviitiko zvepanyama zvakanyanya nesainzi. Tsika iyi yesainzi yakashanda sezambuko rakakosha rekukura kwesainzi muEurope.
3. Nguva Yokutsvaga uye Chimurenga Chemapuratifomu
Kubva muzana remakore rechi15 kusvika rechi17, kuongorora gungwa muEurope kwakachinja maonero evanhu nyika. Zvehupfumi (zvinonhuhwirira), zvematongerwo enyika (hukoloni), uye masimba esainzi zvakaita kuti pave nemamepu akanyatsojeka. Geography yakava chishandiso chakakosha chekufamba, kutaura nezvenzvimbo, uye kutonga kwehukoloni.
Kugadzira mapu kwakawedzera nekukurumidza, kusanganisira kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvemamepu zvakaita seMercator Projection (1569), izvo zvakaita kuti kufamba kuve nyore. Munguva iyi, nzvimbo yakavakwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuunganidza data: kugadzira mapu emhenderekedzo dzegungwa, kunyora nzira dzekutengeserana, uye kutumidza nzvimbo itsva mazita. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yaimbove isati yava sainzi yekuongorora zvizere; yakaramba iri sainzi yetsananguro yenzvimbo.
4. Geography Yemazuva Ano Yepakutanga: Zvakatipoteredza Nevanhu
Muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19 makatanga geography senzvimbo yedzidzo yakarongeka. Vanhu vaviri vakuru vanowanzotaurwa sevakatanga geography yemazuva ano: Alexander von Humboldt naCarl Ritter.
Humboldt akasimbisa hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaita semamiriro ekunze, zvinomera, uye mamiriro evhu. Akaunza nzira yekuenzanisa uye kucherechedza mumunda nekungwarira. Panguva iyi, Ritter akasimbisa hukama huripo pakati pemamiriro ekunze edunhu nekukura kwaro munharaunda, pamwe nekukosha kwezvidzidzo zvedunhu. Zvese zvinoumba hwaro hwenzvimbo yemuviri uye nzvimbo yevanhu.
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvichafamba sei pachazvo yakabuda, ichiti mamiriro ekunze ndiwo anonyanya kuratidza hunhu nekukura kwevanhu. Vanhu vakaita saFriedrich Ratzel vakagadzira pfungwa ye "nzvimbo yekugara" (Lebensraum) uye vakaona nyika sechinhu chinoshanduka zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nenzvimbo. Kunyange zvazvo yaive nesimba, pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvichafamba sei yakazotsoropodzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwetsika yayo yekurerutsa mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda uye yakatoshandiswa kururamisa hutongi hwevakoloni nekukura kwezvematongerwo enyika.
5. Kuchinja Kuenda Kumwe Kugona Kuitika Uye Nzvimbo Yenharaunda
Sekutsoropodza pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvichafamba sei, pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinogona kuitika yakabuda, kunyanya kubva mutsika dzenzvimbo dzeFrance. Vanhu vakaita saPaul Vidal de la Blache vakasimbisa kuti zvakatipoteredza zvinopa mikana, asi vanhu, kuburikidza netsika, tekinoroji, uye sarudzo dzemagariro evanhu, vanogona kusarudza divi rekukura kwenzvimbo. Kufunga uku kwakakurudzira kudzidza kwakaringana nezvezvisikwa nevanhu.
Kubva pane izvi, nzira yakasimba yenzvimbo yedunhu yakatanga kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Nzvimbo yenharaunda yainzwisiswa sechidzidzo chakasiyana chenzvimbo ine musanganiswa wakasiyana wezvinhu zvepanyama nezvemagariro evanhu. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yedunhu yakakosha mukuratidza kusiyana kwenzvimbo paNyika, asi yakazoonekwa se "dzidziso" isina kukwana nekuti yainyatsotsanangura uye yakaoma kuitsanangura.
6. Kuchinja Kwehuwandu uye Kuongorora Nzvimbo
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 (munenge muna 1950-1960), geography yakachinja zvikuru inozivikanwa se "quantitative revolution". Nyanzvi dzejogirafi dzakatanga kushandisa nhamba, mamodheru emasvomhu, uye nzira dzakasimba dzesainzi kutsanangura mapatani enzvimbo. Chinangwa chakachinja kubva pakutsanangura matunhu kuenda pakuongorora "nei" uye "sei" mapatani enzvimbo.
Pfungwa dzakadai sekupararira, kudyidzana kwenzvimbo, nzvimbo yakakwana, uye dzidziso yenzvimbo huru zvakava zvakakosha. Geography yakatanga kubatana zvakanyanya nehupfumi, kuronga maguta, uye zvidzidzo zvedunhu. Maitiro aya akasimbisa chinzvimbo chegeography sesainzi yekuongorora, asi akatsoropodzwawo nekuda kwekusanzwisisa zvakanyanya uye kusanzwisisa zvinhu zvevanhu zvakaita setsika, ruzivo, uye kusaenzana kwevanhu.
7. Nzvimbo Yekuongorora, Yehunhu, uye Yemaitiro
Mukupindura kusimba kwehuwandu, mapoka matsva akasiyana-siyana epfungwa akamuka kubvira kuma1970. Geography yemaitiro inoongorora kuti vanhu vanoita sei sarudzo dzenzvimbo zvichibva pamaonero neruzivo rushoma. Geography yehumanistic inosimbisa ruzivo rwevanhu nezvenzvimbo—semuenzaniso, zvinoreva musha, hunhu, uye kunzwa kwekuve wevamwe.
Panguva imwe chete, gwara rekuongorora rakabuda, richitungamirirwa nemafungiro eMarxist, feminism, uye dzidziso yemagariro evanhu. Gwara rekuongorora rakanga risisiri kuonekwa serisina kwarakarerekera, asi rakasanganiswa nesimba, capitalism, colonialism, uye kusaenzana. Zvidzidzo zvekuparadzaniswa kwemaguta, kusaruramisira kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvemuchadenga zvakava dingindira rakakosha. Saka, pfungwa dzenzvimbo dzakakura: dzakasanganisira kwete chete kurongedza zviitiko asiwo kutsoropodza maumbirwo azvo.
8. Nguva yeGIS, Kunzwa Kure , uye Geography Yemazuva Ano
Kupinda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20 uye muzana remakore rechi21, tekinoroji yakachinja nzvimbo. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), kure sensing, GPS, uye big data zvakagonesa ongororo yakadzama uye inokurumidza yenzvimbo. Geography ikozvino ine basa guru mukuronga nzvimbo, kuderedza njodzi , kutarisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, epidemiology, logistics, uye kunyange ongororo yenzvimbo pasocial media.
Asi geography yemazuva ano haisi tekinoroji chete. Kune ruzivo rwakasimba rwekuti data nemamepu zvinogonawo kuva nerusaruro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hurukuro dziri kukura pamusoro petsika dzedata renzvimbo, zvakavanzika, uye kutora chikamu kweveruzhinji kuburikidza nekutora mepu yekudyidzana. Geography yemazuva ano inotsvaga kubatanidza simba rekuongorora huwandu nekunzwisisana kwevanhu, nokudaro ichigadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose akadai sekukura kwemaguta nekukurumidza, dambudziko remamiriro ekunze, kusawirirana kwezviwanikwa , uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa dzenzvimbo inoratidza kuti geography inoramba ichichinja nekufamba kwenguva. Kubva pakucherechedza zviri nyore tsika dzekare, mamepu nekufamba, kusvika kudzidziso dzemazuva ano uye tekinoroji yeGIS, geography yagara ichitsvaga kunzwisisa nyika kuburikidza nemaonero enzvimbo. Kuchinja kubva pakusarudza kuenda kune zvinogoneka, kubva pakutsanangurwa kwenzvimbo kuenda kuongororo yehuwandu, uye zvakare kuenda kune nzira dzakaoma uye tekinoroji yepamusoro, kunoratidza chinhu chimwe: geography isayenzi inorarama. Kufunga kwenzvimbo kwemazuva ano kunoda kugona kuverenga mapatani, kunzwisisa hukama hwevanhu nenzvimbo, uye kuongorora kukanganisa kwenharaunda nekwezvakatipoteredza kwesarudzo dzenzvimbo. Saka, geography chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro epasi nehupenyu hwevanhu vari mariri—munzvimbo nepasi rose.
