Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweJografi Munyika
Geography inyaya yekudzidza nzvimbo, kupararira, uye kudyidzana pakati pezvimiro zvemuviri, zvakatipoteredza, nevanhu vari pamusoro peNyika. Sainzi iyi yave ichikura zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva, ichipesvedzerwa netsika dzakasiyana-siyana nenguva dzenhoroondo.
Kutanga kweJografi Munyika Yekare
Kutanga kwenzvimbo kunogona kuteverwa kumashure kusvika munguva dzekare, apo vanhu vakatanga kutarisisa nharaunda yavo kuti vararame. Tsika dzeMesopotamia, Egypt, neIndia dzakabatsira pakutanga pakunzwisisa kwedu Pasi. Mesopotamia, kunenge muna 2300 BC, yakagadzira mepu yenhoroondo inoratidza nzvimbo yakapoteredza guta reBhabhironi.
Mumwe wevanhu vakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yenzvimbo dzekare dzepasi rose aiva Herodotus (484–425 BC), munyori wenhoroondo wechiGiriki anozivikanwa sa "Baba veNhoroondo." Mukufamba kwake, Herodotus akaunganidza ruzivo nezvenzvimbo dzepasi rose, mapoka emadzinza, netsika dzavo. Pfungwa dzenzvimbo dzakagadzirwawo naAnaximander (610–546 BC), uyo anoonekwa semumwe wevanhu vekutanga kugadzira mepu yenyika uye kushandisa chikero pamamepu.
Mepu yaPtolemy, yakanyorwa mubhuku rake rinonzi “Geographia,” ndeimwe yemipiro mikuru yenguva yeGirisi neRoma. Ptolemy akagadzira hurongwa hwe latitude ne longitude coordinates hwakazoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukufamba.
Geography muMiddle Ages
Mushure mekudonha kweUmambo hweRoma, ruzivo rwenzvimbo muEurope rwakadzikira zvakanyanya, asi rwakaramba ruchikura munyika yeIslam. Nyanzvi dzechiMuslim dzakadai saAl-Idrisi (1100–1165) naIbn Battuta (1304–1369) dzakaita basa guru mukusimudzira sainzi yenzvimbo. Al-Idrisi, uyo aishanda padare raMambo Roger II weSicily, akagadzira "Tabula Rogeriana," imwe yemamepu epasi rose ane ruzivo rwakadzama uye rwakarurama panguva iyoyo. Ibn Battuta, mufambi, akanyora nezvekufamba kwake, kwaisanganisira nyika zhinji dzechiIslam nedzimwe nzvimbo, mu "Rihla" yake (Kufamba).
Renaissance uye Nguva Yekuongorora
Kuvandudzwa kwenyika muEurope kwakaita kuti vanhu vatange kufarira zvejogirafi. Vaongorori vakaita saChristopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, naFerdinand Magellan vakawedzera ruzivo rwenyika muEurope kuburikidza nekufamba kwavo. Mepu dzenyika dzakagadzirwa nemafambiro avo uye nzira dzakagadzira maonero matsva eNyika sechinhu chakabatana chaigona kutsanangurwa uye kurongwa.
Muzana remakore rechi16, Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594), mugadziri wemamepu wekuDutch, akagadzira chifananidzo cheMercator, icho chakabvumira vafambisi vengarava kufamba nemazvo pasinei nekukanganiswa munzvimbo dzepasi pevhu.
Chimurenga cheSainzi uye Nguva yeKujekeswa
Kubudirira kwenzvimbo kwakawedzerwa zvikuru kubva muSainzi Revolution neNguva yeKujekeswa. Masayendisiti akaita saIsaac Newton akapa mipiro inokosha yedzidziso pamusoro pepfungwa yekukwevera pasi, izvo zvakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu chimiro cheNyika nekufamba kwayo.
Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), nyanzvi yezvisikwa yekuGermany uye muongorori, aive mumwe wevakatanga kuunza nzira yesainzi yejogirafi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi “Kosmos,” Humboldt akaratidza hukama huripo pakati pejogirafi yepanyama nedzimwe sainzi dzakadai semeteorology, geology, uye ecology.
Geography muzana remakore rechi19 nerekutanga remakore rechi20
Geography yakava chikamu chedzidzo chinoremekedzwa muzana remakore rechi19. Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), nyanzvi yejogirafi yekuGermany, akatanga pfungwa ye "Lebensraum," iyo yakazoshandiswa zvisirizvo mune zvematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, basa raRatzel mune zvematongerwo enyika rakapa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti nzvimbo yejogirafi inokanganisa sei nzanga.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, vafungi vakaita saHalford Mackinder (1861–1947) vakagadzira dzidziso ye "Heartland", iyo yakapesvedzera mutemo wepasi rose wezvematongerwo enyika. Mackinder akataura kuti chero ani zvake aitonga Eastern Europe aizotonga "Heartland," uye nokudaro ave nesimba guru pasi rose.
Geography munguva yemazuva ano
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, geography yakachinja nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu uye tekinoroji. Kuunzwa kwetekinoroji yeGeographic Information Systems (GIS) muma1960 nema1970 kwakaita kuti pave nekuongororwa kwakaoma uye kwakarurama kwedata renzvimbo. GIS yakachinja nzira iyo data renzvimbo rinounganidzwa, kuongororwa, uye kuratidzwa kwaro, zvichiva nemhedzisiro yakakura muminda yakaita sekuronga maguta, manejimendi yezviwanikwa, uye kutsvagurudza zvakatipoteredza.
Pfungwa yenzvimbo ine zvakatipoteredza, iyo inosimbisa kudyidzana kwevanhu nenzvimbo dzavanogara, yave chinhu chikuru chejogirafi yemazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, David Harvey naDoreen Massey vakaunza pfungwa dzenzvimbo dzevanhu uye kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo iyi iwedzere kusvika kune dzimwe nzvimbo kuti ive nedzidzo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Matambudziko eJografi nePasirose
Nhasi uno geography inotarisana nematambudziko epasi rose akadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kukura kwemaguta, uye kusaenzana kwehupfumi hwevanhu. Nyanzvi dze geography dzinoita basa rakakosha mukunzwisisa nekugadzirisa nyaya idzi kuburikidza nenzira inobatanidza data renzvimbo, ruzivo rwemunharaunda, uye ongororo yesainzi.
Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze inoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti shanduko dzemumhepo pasi rose dzinokanganisa sei nharaunda dzemunharaunda nenharaunda dzevanhu. Nyanzvi dzejogirafi dzinobatanidzwawo mumapurojekiti akadai sekuderedza njodzi dzechisikigo, kuronga maguta nenzira inochengetedza nharaunda, uye kuchengetedza nharaunda.
Uyezve, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kwakakonzera kutama kwevanhu vakawanda uye kufamba kwevanhu, izvo zvinoda kuongororwa kwenzvimbo kwazvinoita pamatunhu avakatangira nekwavanoenda. Nzvimbo, nezvishandiso zvayo uye nzira dzayo, inoshanda semusana wekunzwisisa zviitiko izvi uye kugadzira mitemo inoshanda.
Mhedziso
Nhoroondo yekukura kwenzvimbo yezvepasi irwendo rurefu runoratidza kuda kuziva kwevanhu nezvenyika yakavapoteredza. Kubva pamamepu akareruka eBhabhironi kusvika kumasisitimu eruzivo rwenzvimbo anhasi, nzvimbo yezvepasi yafambira mberi zvinoshamisa mumaitiro uye mashandisirwo ayo.
Geography haingopi chete kunzwisisa nharaunda chaiyo asiwo inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukudyidzana kwevanhu nenzvimbo nenzvimbo. Mukutarisana nematambudziko epasi rose emazuva ano, kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kusvika pakukura kwemaguta, mupiro wegeography unowedzera kukosha mukugadzira mhinduro dzakazara uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.
Kukura kwenzvimbo hakungoratidzi kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye nzira dzekudzidza chete, asiwo kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehukama huripo pakati pePasi nevagari varo. Kubva kare kusvika munguva yemazuva ano, nzvimbo yakaramba ichichinja-chinja, ichiva imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha uye dzakakosha pasi rose nhasi.
