Kushandiswa kweZvicherwa Zvichibva Pahuwandu Hwenzvimbo
Zvicherwa zviwanikwa zvakasikwa zvinoumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro e geology kwemamiriyoni emakore. Kupararira kwazvo hakuna kufanana, asi zvinoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo uye nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwematombo munharaunda. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwezvicherwa kunoenderana zvakanyanya ne "nzvimbo" yenzvimbo - kureva, rudzi rwedombo, chimiro che tectonic, chiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo, mamiriro ekunze, uye maitiro emamiriro ekunze anoumba uye anounganidza zvimwe zvicherwa. Kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati penzvimbo nehuwandu hwezvicherwa kwakakosha pakuronga budiriro inoenderera mberi, maindasitiri, manejimendi yesimba, uye manejimendi yezvakatipoteredza.
1. Sei Kuwanda Kwezvicherwa Kuchikanganiswa Nenzvimbo?
Panyaya yezvemamiriro ekunze, zvicherwa zvinowanzogadzirwa kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: magma crystallization, metamorphism nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha, kunaya kwemvura kubva mumvura inopisa, uye sedimentation pamusoro pePasi. Imwe neimwe yenzira idzi ine hukama hwakasimba nenzvimbo uye hunhu hwenzvimbo. Nzvimbo dziri pedyo nemakomo anoputika dzinowanzova nesimbi dzakawanda (dzakadai segoridhe nemhangura), nepo sedimentary basin dzine mukana mukuru wekugadzira marasha, petroleum, kana zvicherwa zveindasitiri zvakaita segypsum ne limestone. Nzvimbo dzemahombekombe negungwa risina kudzika dzinogona kunge dziine jecha rezvicherwa (dzakadai seilmenite nerutile) kana munyu.
Saka, kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwezvicherwa kunofanirwa kutarisisa mamepu ezve geology, kugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa, kuwanikwa kwenzvimbo, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza nemagariro evanhu.
2. Mabhandi Ekuputika Kwemakomo: Manyuko eSimbi Dzinokosha Zvikuru
Nzvimbo dziri munzvimbo dzinoputika makomo—dzinotevedzana dzemakomo anoputika uye ekare—dzinowanzo shandiswa senzvimbo dzinonyanya kukwezva zvicherwa zvesimbi. Maitiro emagetsi nekupisa kwemvura anogona kuunza mhinduro dzakapfuma musimbi dzinobva dzaita kuti matombo apwanyike. Izvi zvinoguma nematombo ane zvicherwa zvakakosha zvikuru.
Mienzaniso yezvicherwa zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzinoputika:
– Goridhe (Au) nesirivha (Ag): zvinowanzobatanidzwa nehurongwa hwe epithermal.
– Mhangura (Cu) uye molybdenum (Mo): inowanikwa yakawanda mumaporphyry deposits.
– Sarufa (S): inoonekwa yakapoteredza makomba nemakomo anoputika.
Mashandisirwo ayo makuru:
- Goridhe nesirivha zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvishongo, mari yekudyara, zvemagetsi, uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemazvo.
– Mhangura inokosha pakubatanidza waya dzemagetsi, mota dzemagetsi, zvishandiso zvemagetsi, uye kuvaka.
– Molybdenum inoshandiswa sesimbi inodzivirira kupisa uye ngura.
– Sarufa inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri ekugadzira fetereza, makemikari uye rabha.
Zvisinei, kuchera migodhi munzvimbo dzinoputika makomo kunowanzoitika munzvimbo dzine makomo dzine mikwidza yakakora uye njodzi huru yenjodzi (kudonha kwevhu nekuputika kwevhu). Nokudaro, kuronga migodhi kunoda kuderedza njodzi uye kutarisa kwakasimba nharaunda.
3. Nzvimbo dzeMakomo Dzakapetwa uye Nzvimbo Dzekuroverana: Metamorphic Minerals uye Complex Deposits
Makomo anoumbwa nekusangana kwemaplate e tectonic (orogenesis) kana kupetwa kwematombo anowanzova nemaminerari akachinja chimiro uye mamwe matombo esimbi. Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha zvinogona kushandura matombo kuita matombo akachinja chimiro akadai semarble, slate, uye quartzite.
Zvicherwa/matombo zvinowanzobatanidzwa:
– Marble (yakabva padombo remestone rakafanana nemetamorphic)
– Graphite (kubva pakuchinja kwezvinhu zvakapfuma mucarbon)
– Mamwe matombo anokosha (semuenzaniso safaya, magarnet) mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo epasi
Mashandisirwo ayo makuru:
- Matombo ekugadzira pasi, madziro, zvishongo zvezvivakwa uye zvifananidzo.
– Slate yekufukidza denga kana zvinhu zvemukati.
– Graphite yemabhatiri, mafuta ekuzora, mapenzura uye maindasitiri ekugadzirisa ngura.
- Matombo anokosha ezvishongo nezvinhu zvinokosha.
Nekuti makomo anoputika anowanzo shanda senzvimbo dzinochengetera mvura uye dzine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, migodhi yekuchera migodhi inofanirwa kufunga nezvekudzivirira manyuko emvura, kudzora kukurwa kwevhu, uye kugadzirisa ivhu mushure mekuchera migodhi.
4. Dziva reSedimentary: Simba neMaindasitiri eMigodhi
Denderedzwa remvura inzvimbo inounganidzwa zvinhu kubva mukudonha kwevhu. Madhaka akakora, ane organic akawanda anogona kupa simba senge marasha, mafuta, negasi, pamwe chete nezvicherwa zvemaindasitiri zvinoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira.
Zvinhu zvakajairika mumatangi emvura:
– Marasha (mugumisiro wekushandurwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa)
– Petroleum negasi rechisikigo (kubva muzvinhu zvakabatwa)
- Limestone nedolomite
- Gypsum nevhu
Mashandisirwo ayo makuru:
– Marasha ekugadzira magetsi uye indasitiri yesimende/simbi (kunyange zvazvo izvi zvava kudziviswa zvakanyanya nekuda kweutsi hunobuda).
– Oiri negesi yesimba, petrochemicals, mapurasitiki uye kutakurwa kwezvinhu.
– Limestone inoshandiswa kugadzira simende, lime yekurima, magirazi uye indasitiri yemapepa.
– Ivhu rekugadzira zvidhinha, zvidhinha nezvinhu zvinosunga.
- Gypsum ye gypsum board, simende, uye zvinhu zvekuvaka.
Madhamu ane marara anowanzova nzvimbo dzekugara kana dzekurima, zvichiita kuti kusawirirana kwenzvimbo, kusvibiswa kwemvura, uye shanduko dzenzvimbo zvive nyaya dzakakosha. Vatungamiriri vanofanira kusimbisa kuongororwa kwemigumisiro yezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedzwa kwemvura yepasi, uye kuronga nzvimbo.
5. Nzvimbo dzeGungwa neMakungwa asina kudzika: Jecha reMineral neMunyu
Nzvimbo dzegungwa dzinosangana nemafungu anochinja-chinja anogona kusanganisa zvicherwa zvinorema mujecha. Uyezve, kupwa kwemvura yegungwa munzvimbo dzakati wandei kunoburitsa munyu nezvimwe zvicherwa zvinoputika.
Zvicherwa zvakajairika:
– Ilmenite, rutile, zircon (zvicherwa zvakawanda mujecha regungwa)
– Munyu (NaCl), pamwe chete nemaminerari evaporite mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo
Mashandisirwo ayo makuru:
– Rutile ne ilmenite ndiwo manyuko etitanium ekugadzira pigments dzependi, bepa, mapurasitiki, nezvinhu zvinodzivirira ngura.
– Zircon inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri eceramics, foundry, uye refractory.
– Munyu wekushandisa, kuchengetedza, indasitiri yemakemikari (chlorine, caustic soda), uye mishonga.
Kushandiswa kwezvicherwa zvemumahombekombe kunoda kufunga nezvenjodzi dzekukuvadzwa, kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza zvemangrove, uye kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo dzinogara mhuka dzemugungwa. Kuchera jecha kusingadzoreki kunogona kuwedzera njodzi yekubatwa nemafungu mumahombekombe uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa.
6. Nzvimbo dzemuno dzinopisa dzine mamiriro ekunze akanyanya: Nickel Laterite neBauxite
Munzvimbo dzinopisa dzine mvura yakawanda uye tembiricha dzinodziya, makemikari anochinja-chinja zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinogona kugadzira laterite deposits—ivhu rakapfuma musimbi nearuminiyamu oxides—rinowanzova ne nickel ne bauxite (aluminium ore).
Mashandisirwo ayo makuru:
– Nickel yesimbi isingatsvi, alloys dzesimbi, uye mabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi.
– Aruminiyamu (yakabva kubhauxite) yekuvaka, kutakurwa, kurongedza, uye tambo.
Nekuti nzvimbo dzakacherwa nematombo eLaterite dziri pedyo nepamusoro pevhu, kuchera kunowanzoitwa uchishandisa kuchera mugomba rakavhurika, izvo zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya mamiriro enzvimbo. Kugadziriswa kwevhu, kugadzirisa madhaka, uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwenzizi kwakakosha.
7. Nheyo dzeKushandiswa Kwezvicherwa Zvisingachinji
Kushandisa zvicherwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo zvinoda zvinopfuura kungofunga kuti zvicherwa zviri kupi, asiwo kufunga nezvemigumisiro yekubviswa kwezvicherwa. Mimwe misimboti inokosha inosanganisira:
1. Kutsvaga zvinhu uchishandisa data: kushandisa mapping ye geology, geochemical, uye geophysical kuderedza kucheneswa kwevhu zvisina basa.
2. Kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa: kuwedzera kudzoreredzwa kwemvura kuti kuderedzwa kwetsvina.
3. Kugadzirisa zvinhu zvine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza: kudzora masukisi, kubvisa mvura mumigodhi ine acid, uye kuburitsa utsi.
4. Kuderedza kukosha kwezvirimwa uye kwenzvimbo: kukurudzira indasitiri yekugadzira zvinhu kuti iwedzere mabhenefiti ehupfumi munzvimbo dzinogadzirwa zvinhu.
5. Kudzoreredza mamiriro evhu uye mushure mekuchera: kudzorera mashandiro evhu, kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kudzorera kugadzikana kwevhu.
6. Kururamisira munharaunda nekutonga: pachena kwemvumo, kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda, uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevhu.
Penutup
Huremu hwezvicherwa mudunhu hunoratidza maitiro aro ezve geology nemamiriro enzvimbo. Mabhandi emakomo anowanzo gadzira simbi dzinokosha, sedimentary basin inzvimbo dzesimba uye zvicherwa zvemaindasitiri, nzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe dzine jecha rezvicherwa nemunyu, nepo nzvimbo dzinopisa dzine mineral yakawanda senge nickel nebauxite. Kunzwisisa hukama uhwu kunobvumira kushandiswa kwezvicherwa kwakanangwa, kwakanaka, uye zvine mutoro. Pakupedzisira, chinangwa hachisi chekungoburitsa zviwanikwa, asi kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvicherwa zvinopa mabhenefiti ehupfumi nemagariro pasina kukanganisa kugona kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera kutakura zvakatipoteredza.
