Basa reSpleen muImmune System
Chirwatata inhengo inowanzoonekwa nekuti diki uye yakavanzwa kumusoro kuruboshwe kwedumbu, pasi pembabvu. Zvisinei, chirwatata chinoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza kuenzana kwemuviri—kunyanya mudziviriro yemuviri. Nhengo iyi inoshanda se "nzvimbo yekutarisa ropa," kusefa, kuongorora, uye kubatsira muviri kupindura kunjodzi dzakadai semabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye masero eropa akwegura. Kunzwisisa mashandiro echirwatata kuchatibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei kukuvara kana kubviswa kwechirwatata kuchigona kuwedzera njodzi yehutachiona uye nei zvichikosha kuchengetedza hutano hwacho.
Nzvimbo uye chimiro chiri nyore chepleen
Muchimiro chemuviri, chirwatata chiri muchikamu chepamusoro chekuruboshwe chedumbu uye chakabatana zvakanyanya nedumbu, pancreas, uye diaphragm. Chirwatata chine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: chirwatata chitsvuku nechirwatata chichena, pamwe nenzvimbo iri padivi, iyo inoshanda senzvimbo yakakosha yekuchinja. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine basa rayo. Chirwatata chitsvuku chinoita basa guru mukusefa nekugadzira masero eropa , nepo chirwatata chichena chakabatana zvakanyanya nekushanda kwekudzivirira muviri nekuti chine masero ekudzivirira akadai semalymphocytes.
Chidende chine mitsipa yakawanda yeropa. Ropa rinoyerera nemudende "rinoseferwa" kuburikidza nematanho madiki, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuona masero eropa asina kujairika kana ane hutachiona. Maitiro aya anoita kuti dende rive nhengo yekudzivirira muviri yakasiyana nekuti rinoshanda zvakananga nezvikamu zveropa.
Chirwatata chinoshanda sesefa yeropa uye chinochengetedza kunaka kwemasero eropa.
Rimwe remabasa anonyanya kukosha echiropa nderekusefa ropa rezvikamu zvisingachashandi. Masero matsvuku eropa (erythrocytes) ane avhareji yehupenyu hwemazuva angangoita 120. Sezvaanokura, haachinjiki uye zviri nyore kuti abatikane mu "network yekusefa" ye red pulp. Apa ndipo panopinda chiropa: chinoona nekuparadza masero matsvuku eropa akakuvara kana kuti akwegura, chobva chadzoreredza zvikamu zvakakosha zvakaita sesimbi kubva mu hemoglobin.
Maitiro aya akakosha kwete chete pakushanda zvakanaka kwemuviri asiwo pakudzivirira muviri. Masero eropa akakuvara anogona kukonzera kuzvimba kana kukanganisa kufamba kweropa mutsinga diki. Nekuchengetedza kunaka kwemasero eropa, chirebvu chinobatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemukati memuviri, zvichibvumira masoja emuviri kushanda zvakanaka.
Kuwedzera kumasero matsvuku eropa, chirwa chinobatsirawo mukutarisira maplatelet (thrombocytes) nemamwe masero machena eropa . Chirwa chinogona kushanda se "kuchengetera" maplatelet uye kuaburitsa kana muviri wavachida, senge panguva yekubuda ropa.
Pulp chena: nzvimbo inopindura immune system kuzvirwere zviri muropa
Chikamu chinoita kuti chirwatata chive chakakosha pakudzivirira muviri idumbu jena, iro rinoumbwa nenyama yelymphoid. Chirwatata chena chine maB neT lymphocytes akawanda, marudzi maviri emasero anoita basa guru mukuita kuti dziviriro yemuviri ishande zvakanaka.
– MaB lymphocytes anoshanda kugadzira maantibodies. Kana spleen ikaona antigen (chikamu chehutachiona hwakadai sebhakitiriya kana mavhairasi) ichitenderera muropa, maB lymphocytes anovhurwa uye anopatsanurwa kuita masero eplasma anogadzira maantibodies chaiwo.
– T lymphocytes inoita basa guru mukudzora mashandiro emuviri uye kuuraya masero ane utachiona. T lymphocytes inobatsira kuronga "nzira yekurwisa" yemuviri kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvemakemikari (cytokines), zvichikonzera mhinduro yemuviri yakanangana zvakanyanya.
Dumbu jena rinewo maumbirwo akafanana ne "follicles" uko ma lymphocytes anoungana, anodyidzana, uye anowanda kana atarisana nenjodzi. Saka, dundundu rinogona kunzi rimwe re "mahofisi makuru" emuviri wemuviri , richitarisa ropa uye richikonzera kugadzirwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira muviri kana zvichidikanwa.
Basa renzvimbo yekunze: nzvimbo yekuona maantigen nekukurumidza
Pakati pe pulp tsvuku ne pulp chena pane nzvimbo iri pedyo, iyo inokosha pakubata maantigen kubva muropa. Nzvimbo iyi ine masero ekudzivirira muviri akasarudzika akadai se macrophages nemasero e dendritic, anotora, anogadzirisa, uye anopa maantigen kuma lymphocytes. Maitiro aya ekuratidza maantigen akakosha kuti immune system ikwanise kuziva muvengi.
Nzvimbo iri pamucheto wemuviri ine basawo mukupindura nekukurumidza kune mamwe mabhakitiriya, kunyanya ayo ane macapsules (chinodzivirira), akadai seStreptococcus pneumoniae. Mabhakitiriya ane capsules akaoma kuziva, zvichiita kuti basa respleen mukuona mabhakitiriya aya uye kukonzera kugadzirwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere rive rakakosha.
Macrophage eSplenic: "zvinodya" utachiona uye zvinochenesa marara emasero
Chirwatata chine macrophages akawanda, masero ekudzivirira muviri anozvarwa ari mukati anoshanda sevanobvisa utachiona (phagocytosis). Macrophages ari mu red pulp anogona kubata mabhakitiriya, tupukanana, uye zvidimbu zvekunze zvinotenderera muropa. Uyezve, macrophages anobatsirawo kubvisa zvasara zvemasero akaparadzwa, zvichidzivirira muviri kuti usanyanya kubatwa ne "tsvina" yemasero.
Panyaya yehutachiona, macrophage anogadzirawo ma cytokine anokwezva masero akawanda ekudzivirira muviri kunzvimbo yehutachiona uye anokurudzira kuzvimba kunodzorwa kunodiwa kurwisa utachiona. Nemamwe mashoko, macrophage e splenic haasi ekuchenesa chete asiwo anodzora kutaurirana pakati pemasero ekudzivirira muviri.
Chiremba uye kuumbwa kwendangariro yekudzivirira muviri
Masoja emuviri ane hutano haangorwisi hutachiona huripo chete asiwo anoyeuka hutachiona kuti awane mhinduro dzinokurumidza uye dzakasimba mune ramangwana. Chiremba chinoitawo basa mukuumbwa kwemasero ekurangarira B neT mushure mekusangana neantigen. Masero aya ekurangarira anogona kugara kwenguva yakareba uye anogonesa muviri kupindura zvinobudirira kana utachiona humwe chete hukadzoka.
Ichi ndicho chimwe chikonzero chinoita kuti kubaiwa majekiseni kushande: kunodzidzisa masoja emuviri kuti agadzire ndangariro pasina kurwara zvakanyanya. Chirwatata inzvimbo yakakosha apo kupindirana uku kwemhinduro yemuviri uye ndangariro kunoitika, kunyanya kune maantigen anotenderera muropa.
Chii chinoitika kana chirwatata chikakuvara kana kubviswa?
Kunyange zvazvo isiri iyo nhengo yemuviri yekudzivirira chirwere (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, nedzimwe lymphoid tishu dzinoitawo basa), kurasikirwa nekushanda kwepleen kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakura. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, akadai sekukuvadzwa, zvirwere zveropa, kana pleen yakakura zvine njodzi, munhu angada kubviswa kwepleen (spleenectomy). Izvi zvinowedzera njodzi yezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya zvirwere zvakakomba zvinokonzerwa nebhakitiriya recapsular.
Vanhu vasina chirwatata vanonyanya kubatwa nezvirwere zvakakomba zvinogona kukura nekukurumidza. Saka, zvinowanzokurudzirwa:
1. Kubaiwa nhomba (semuenzaniso kurwisa pneumococcus, meningococcus, uye Haemophilus influenzae type b).
2. Chenjerera fivha (fivha inongoerekana yaitika inoda kuongororwa nachiremba nekukurumidza).
3. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kudzivirira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya sezvinokurudzirwa nachiremba.
Pamusoro pekuvhiyiwa kwe splenectomy, splen inogona kukura (splenomegaly) nekuda kwehutachiona, chirwere chechiropa, kana chirwere cheropa. Kana splen ikakura, mashandiro ayo anogona kukanganisika uye inogona kubata masero eropa akawanda, zvichikonzera anemia kana maplatelet mashoma.
Maitiro ekuchengetedza hutano hwechiropa
Hapana "kudya kwakakosha" kwebeche chete, asi kuchengetedza hutano hwese kunobatsira kuti beche rishande zvakanaka. Mamwe matanho aunogona kutora anosanganisira:
- Chengetedza utsanana uye dzivirira hutachiona kuburikidza nekubaiwa majekiseni uye mararamiro akachena.
– Dzivisa kukuvadzwa kwakasimba padumbu rekumusoro kuruboshwe, kunyanya kune vanhu vane chiropa chakakura (semuenzaniso kune mamwe hutachiona).
- Kurapa zvirwere zvisingaperi (zvakaita sezvirwere zvechiropa) zvinogona kukanganisa saizi uye mashandiro etsvina.
– Zviongorore kana uchigara uchineta, uchinzwa kucheneruka, uchikuvara zviri nyore, kana kuti uchirwadziwa zvakanyanya mudumbu rekumusoro kuruboshwe.
Mhedziso
Chirwatata inhengo inokosha mudziviriro yemuviri, inosefa ropa, inoparadza masero eropa ekare, inoona hutachiona hunotenderera, uye inoita kuti dziviriro yemuviri ishande kuburikidza nekushanda kwema lymphocytes nema macrophages. Chirwatata chichena chinoshanda senzvimbo yedziviriro yemuviri inochinjika, chirwatata chitsvuku chinoita basa rekusefa nekushandisazve masero eropa, uye nzvimbo iri pakati pemasero inobatsira mukuona nekukurumidza maantigen. Kana basa rechirwatata rarasika kana kuderedzwa, njodzi yehutachiona—kunyanya kubva kumamwe mabhakitiriya—inowedzera, zvichiita kuti kudzivirira kuburikidza nekubaiwa majekiseni uye kuziva zviratidzo zvehutachiona kuve kwakakosha. Nekunzwisisa basa rechirwatata, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani basa rinoitwa nenhengo iyi mukuchengetedza dziviriro yemuviri yezuva nezuva.
