Maumbirwo uye Mashandiro eMasero Matsvuku eRopa
Masero matsvuku eropa, kana kuti erythrocytes, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoumba ropa muropa revanhu nedzimwe mhuka dzine mapfupa anotenderera. Masero aya anoita basa guru mukutakura okisijeni kubva mumapapu kuenda kunhengo dzese dzemuviri uye kutakura carbon dioxide, chinhu chinoburitswa nemetabolism, kubva kunhengo dzemuviri kuenda kumapapu kuti chibudiswe. Kunzwisisa chimiro nekushanda kwemasero matsvuku eropa kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti ropa rinozadzisa sei basa raro rinokosha muphysiology yemuviri. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora chimiro nekushanda kwemasero matsvuku eropa zvakadzama, kusanganisira kuti masero aya anochinjika sei kuti azadzise basa rawo rinokosha.
Maumbirwo eMasero Matsvuku eRopa
1. Chimiro nehukuru
Masero matsvuku eropa ane biconcave, kana kuti akaita sedhisiki, akakombama kumativi ese. Chimiro ichi hachishanduki; chinopa masero aya chiyero chepamusoro chenzvimbo-ku-vhoriyamu, zvichibvumira kupararira kwemagasi zviri nani, kunyanya okisijeni necarbon dioxide. Avhareji yemasero matsvuku eropa ine dhayamita inosvika 6–8 micrometers (µm) uye 2 µm pamipendero yayo yakakora, nepo pakati payo pakatetepa, inenge 1 µm.
2. Kuwanda kweHemoglobin
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mumasero matsvuku eropa ihemoglobin, puroteni ine iron inokwanisa kusunga okisijeni necarbon dioxide. Hemoglobin ine zvikamu zvina, chimwe nechimwe chine heme molecule ine iron ion. Izvi zvinobvumira molekyuru imwe chete yehemoglobin kusunga mamorekuru eoxygen anosvika mana. Ruvara rutsvuku rweropa runobva muhemoglobin ine oxygen.
3. Kamudzira kesero
Kamudzira kemasero matsvuku eropa chimiro chinochinjika chinobvumira kuti ipfuure nemuma capillaries madiki ane dhayamita diki pane sero pacharo. Kamudzira aka kakagadzirwa nemafuta nemapuroteni, zvichipa hunhu hwe elastic uye kugadzikana kwemuchina kunodiwa kuti irarame nekufamba kwenguva dzose kweropa.
4. Kushaikwa kweNyukireya neOrganelles
Kusiyana nemamwe masero mumuviri, masero matsvuku eropa akakura haana nucleus kana organelles dzakadai semitochondria uye endoplasmic reticulum. Kurasikirwa kwenyukireya kunoitika panguva yekupedzisira yekusiyana kwemasero matsvuku eropa. Kusavapo kwemasero aya kunopa nzvimbo yakawanda yehemoglobin uye kunowedzera kugona kwemasero matsvuku eropa kutakura okisijeni. Zvisinei, izvi zvinorevawo kuti masero matsvuku eropa haakwanise kuzvigadzirisa kana kupatsanurwa kwemasero, zvichikonzera hupenyu hupfupi hwemazuva angangoita 120.
Basa reMasero Matsvuku eRopa
1. Kutakurwa kweOkisijeni
Basa guru remasero matsvuku eropa nderekutakura okisijeni kubva kumapapu kuenda kunhengo dzemuviri. Izvi zvinotanga neokisijeni ichipinda mumapapu, uko inopararira ichipinda muropa riri mualveoli. Hemoglobin iri mumasero matsvuku eropa inosunga okisijeni, yogadzira oksijeni. Masero matsvuku eropa ane okisijeni anobva afamba nepakati peropa rotenderera mumuviri uye okisijeni inoburitswa kumasero emuviri uko kushushikana kweokisijeni kwakaderera.
2. Kutakurwa kweCarbon Dioxide
Masero matsvuku eropa anoshandawo mukutakura carbon dioxide kubva munyama yemuviri kudzokera kumapapu. Carbon dioxide ndiyo mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwemasero uye inofanira kuburitswa mumuviri. Kabhoni dioxide yakawanda inotakurwa muropa sebicarbonate (HCO3-), asi huwandu hushoma hunotakurwawo hwakanyungudutswa muplasma kana kusungirirwa kuhemoglobin secarboxyhemoglobin.
3. Kudzora pH yeropa
Masero matsvuku eropa anoita basa rekuchengetedza acid-base balance muropa. Nekufambisa carbon dioxide, anobatsira kudzora pH yeropa. Kuburikidza ne enzyme carbonic anhydrase inowanikwa mumasero matsvuku eropa, gasi re carbon dioxide rinoita zvinoenderana nemvura kuti rigadzire carbonic acid (H2CO3), iyo inobva yapwanyika kuita hydrogen ions (H+) uye bicarbonate (HCO3-). Maitiro aya akakosha mukuchengetedza acid-base balance yemuviri uye kudzivirira shanduko huru mu pH yeropa.
4. Kutakurwa kweNitric Oxide (NO)
Ongororo dzichangobva kuitwa dzakaratidza kuti masero matsvuku eropa anogonawo kutakura nitric oxide, chinhu chakakosha mukutonga BP uye kuyerera kweropa munyama dzakasiyana-siyana. NO inogadzirwa ne vascular endothelium uye inogona kutakurwa ne hemoglobin kuti ibudiswe painodiwa, ichibatsira mukuwedzera kweropa mumuviri uye kuwedzera kuyerera kweropa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemuviri.
Kutenderera Kweupenyu hweMasero Matsvuku Eropa
Masero matsvuku eropa anogadzirwa mumongo wemapfupa kuburikidza nemaitiro anozivikanwa se erythropoiesis. Erythropoiesis inotanga nemasero eropa, ayo anosiyana kuita ma proerythroblast, ayo anozokura kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana-siyana kuita ma erythrocytes akakura. Homoni inonzi erythropoietin (EPO), inogadzirwa neitsvo, inokurudzira kugadzirwa kwemasero matsvuku eropa, kunyanya kana muviri ukawana hypoxia (kushaya okisijeni).
Mushure memazuva angangoita 120 ekufamba kweropa, masero matsvuku eropa ekare anotorwa oparadzwa nemacrophages ari muspleen, chiropa, uye mumongo wemapfupa. Hemoglobin yakaora zvishoma inoputswa kuita heme neglobin. Iron inobva muheme inodzokororwa kugadzirwa kwemasero matsvuku eropa matsva, nepo zvimwe zvikamu zveheme zvichishandurwa kuita bilirubin uye zvinoburitswa mubile.
Zvirwere neMatambudziko eMasero Matsvuku eRopa
Zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukanganisa masero matsvuku eropa uye mashandiro awo, zvakaita seanemia, iyo inoratidzwa nekudzikira kwehuwandu hwehemoglobin kana masero matsvuku eropa, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwesimba rekutakura okisijeni muropa. Anemia inogona kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira kushomeka kwesimbi, kushomeka kwevhitamini B12 kana folic acid, uye zvirwere zvisingaperi zvakaita sechirwere cheitsvo.
Chirwere cheSickle cell (sickle cell anemia) chirwere chemajini umo masero matsvuku eropa anoumbwa zvisina kujairika uye asina kusimba, zvichikonzera kuvharika kweropa uye kukuvara kwenyama. Thalassemia chimwe chirwere chemajini chinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwehemoglobin uye chinokonzera anemia kwenguva refu.
Mhedziso
Masero matsvuku eropa chinhu chakakosha muhurongwa hweropa, kunyanya kutakura okisijeni necarbon dioxide uye kubatsira kuchengetedza pH yeropa. Maumbirwo awo akasiyana, ane chimiro chebiconcave, hemoglobin yakawanda musimbi, uye kushaya nucleus neorganelles, zvinoita kuti akwanise kuita mabasa aya akakosha zvinobudirira. Kukanganiswa mukugadzirwa kana kushanda kwemasero matsvuku eropa kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoda kurapwa kwakakosha. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita masero matsvuku eropa uye kudzorwa kwawo kunogona kubatsira mukuongorora nekurapa zvirwere zvine chekuita neropa.
