Chidzidzo cheMutemo chaArchimedes: Kufumura Chakavanzika cheKorona yeGoridhe
Pendauluan
Mutemo waArchimedes, unozivikanwawo sepfungwa yaArchimedes, ndeimwe yemitemo yakakosha mufizikisi neinjiniya. Wakawanikwa nenyanzvi yemasvomhu nefizikisi yechiGiriki yekare Archimedes kunenge muna 250 BC, mutemo uyu unoti chero chinhu chinonyura kana kuyangarara mumvura chinosangana nesimba rinoyerera rakaenzana nehuremu hwemvura inobviswa nechinhu chacho. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora kushandiswa kwemutemo waArchimedes kuburikidza nechimwe chezvidzidzo zvakakurumbira: kusarudzwa kwechokwadi chekorona yegoridhe yaMambo Hiero II weSyracuse.
Latar Belakang
Nyaya iyi inotanga apo Mambo Hiero II, mutongi weguta reSirakuse muSicily, akasarudza kuva nekorona, kana kuti "krowna," yakagadzirwa nendarama chaiyo sechipo kuna vamwari. Kuti izvi zviitike, akapa mupfuri wegoridhe goridhe ndokumukumbira kuti agadzire korona yakanaka uye yakachena. Paakagamuchira korona, mambo akatanga kusava nechokwadi kuti ndeyechokwadi here. Kufungira kwakauya pamusoro pekuti mupfuri wegoridhe akanga awedzera sirivha kana zvimwe simbi pakorona yegoridhe uye akashongedza imwe yegoridhe.
Kuti agadzirise nyaya iyi, Hiero akashevedza Archimedes, mumwe wevasayendisiti vakakurumbira venguva yake, kuti aone kana korona yacho yakagadzirwa negoridhe chairo pasina kuikuvadza. Mubvunzo uyu ndiwo wakaisa hwaro hwekuwana kwaArchimedes musimboti uyu wava kuzivikanwa nezita rake.
Mutemo waArchimedes
Nheyo yaArchimedes inobva pakuona kuti chinhu chinonyura kana kuyangarara mumvura chichasangana nesimba rinopfungaira rakaenzana nehuremu hwemvura inobviswa nechinhu chacho. Equation yemasvomhu yenheyo iyi inotsanangurwa seizvi:
\[ F_b = \rho \cdot g \cdot V \]
dimana:
– \( F_b \) isimba rinosimudza mabuoy,
– \( \rho \) ndiko kuwanda kwemvura,
– \( g \) ndiko kukurumidza kunokonzerwa negiravhiti, uye
– \( V \) ihuwandu hwechinhu chakanyudzwa mumvura.
Panyaya yekorona yegoridhe, dambudziko guru raArchimedes raive rekuona kana huwandu hwayo hwaienderana nehuremu hwegoridhe rakachena.
Eureka! - Maitiro Ekuwanikwa Kwezvinhu
Sekureva kwengano, Archimedes akawana mhinduro iyi paakanga achigeza. Akanzwa muviri wake uchireruka pasi pemvura uye akaona kuti izvi zvaive nekuda kwesimba remvura yainge yabviswa. Achifara kuti akanga awana mhinduro yedambudziko reHiero, akamhanya asina kupfeka mumigwagwa yeSyracuse achidanidzira kuti, “Eureka! Eureka!” (zvichireva kuti “Ndaiwana!”)
Nekufemerwa uku, Archimedes akabva aita bvunzo inotevera kuti aedze chokwadi chekorona yegoridhe:
1. Kuziva Huremu hweKorona: Archimedes aiyera korona kuti aone huremu hwayo.
2. Kuziva Huwandu hweMvura Yakabviswa: Akabva anyika korona yakazara nemvura mumudziyo ndokuyera huwandu hwemvura yaibuda. Huwandu hwemvura yakabviswa hwakaenzana nehuwandu hwekorona.
3. Kuverenga Kuwanda kweCrown: Nekuziva huremu nehukuru hwekorona, akaverenga huremu kana huremu hwekorona achishandisa fomura \( \rho = \frac{m}{V} \), apo \( m \) huremu uye \( V \) huremu.
Kana huwandu hwekorona hwakafanana nehuremu hwegoridhe rakachena (\( 19,32 g/cm^3 \)), saka korona yacho yakagadzirwa negoridhe rakachena. Kana zvisina kudaro, imwe simbi yakawedzerwa.
Kushandiswa kweMutemo waArchimedes
Nzira yakashandiswa naArchimedes kugadzirisa chakavanzika chekorona yegoridhe ine mashandisirwo akawanda muminda yakasiyana-siyana. Mamwe mashandisirwo akakosha anosanganisira:
1. Kuvaka ngarava: Musimboti waArchimedes unoshandiswa kugadzira ngarava kuti dzive nekufamba zvakanaka kuti dziyangarara uye dzienzane nemutoro, ukuwo uchiverenga kudzika kwengarava kana kudzika kwayo.
2. Zvikepe zvinonyudzwa mumvura: Zvikepe zvepasi pemvura nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa pasi pemvura zvinoshandisa musimboti uyu kudzora kunyorova kana kukwirira kwazvo pasi pemvura nekudzora huwandu hwemvura inotorwa kana kuburitswa mumatangi ekudzivirira mvura.
3. Kuyera Kuwanda Kwezvinhu: Iyi nheyo inoshandiswawo pakuyera kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekunyudza sampuli diki mumvura uye kuyera kufamba kwayo, kuwanda kwezvinhu kunogona kuverengwa.
4. Oiri neGasi: Iyi nheyo yakakosha zvikuru muindasitiri yemafuta negasi pakuverenga huwandu uye kugadzirisa kupatsanurwa pakati pemafuta, mvura negasi mumuchina wekuparadzanisa.
Mhedziso
Chidzidzo chemutemo waArchimedes wekuona kuti korona yaMambo Hiero II ndeyechokwadi hachingopi tsananguro yesainzi yekukwidza simba asi chinoratidzawo kuti nheyo dzefizikisi dzinogona kushandiswa sei kugadzirisa matambudziko anoshanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kuwanikwa uku kunoratidza hunyanzvi hwaArchimedes uye kugona kwake kusanganisa kuona nekuedza mukutsvaga kwake kwesainzi.
Pfungwa yaArchimedes ichiri kukosha nanhasi mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvesainzi neinjiniya. Kunzwisisa kwedu zvinhu zvakaita sekuyerera, kuwanda, uye kufambiswa kwemvura kunopa hwaro hwakasimba hwemashandisirwo akawanda emazuva ano. Nyaya yaArchimedes inotikurudzirawo kuti kuwanikwa kwesainzi kunogona kubva mukufungisisa zviri nyore nezvenyika yakatipoteredza.
