Pepa reFizikiki pamusoro peSimba Rinodzokororwa
Pendauluan
Simba chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu hwevanhu. Mabasa ese emazuva ano—kubva pamwenje nekufambisa kusvika kumaindasitiri nekutaurirana—anoenderana nekuwanikwa kwesimba muchimiro chinoshandiswa. Kwemakore anopfuura zana, zvinodiwa nesimba pasi rose zvave zvichizadzikiswa kuburikidza manyuko Mafuta ezvisaririra akadai semafuta, marasha, uye gasi rechisikigo. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwemafuta ezvisaririra kunomutsa matambudziko maviri makuru: kuganhurirwa kwezvisaririra uye kukanganisa nharaunda, kunyanya kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa pasi rose rinokurumidza kupisa kwepasi rose. Nokudaro, kugadzira simba rinogona kuvandudzwa inzira yakanaka yekuchengetedza simba rinogara kwenguva refu uye kuderedza kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza.
Munyaya yefizikisi, simba rinogona kuvandudzwa rinonakidza kukurukura nekuti rinosanganisira misimboti yakasiyana-siyana , yakadai sekushandurwa kwesimba, kushanda zvakanaka, mafungu emagetsi, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, uye pfungwa yesimba. Pepa rino rinotaura nezvepfungwa yesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa kubva pamaonero efizikisi, mhando dzaro, misimboti yekushanda kwetekinoroji huru, zvakanakira zvaro nezvisingakwani, uye matambudziko ekushandisa.
Pfungwa yeSimba Rinodzokororwa muFizikisi
Simba rinodzokororwa isimba rinobva muzvinhu zvakasikwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvakasikwa zvichienderana nenguva yevanhu, zvakaita sezuva, mhepo, kuyerera kwemvura, simba remagetsi, uye biomass. Kusiyana nemafuta efossil, ayo anogadzirwa kwemamiriyoni emakore, simba rinodzokororwa rinowanikwa nguva dzose kana kuti rinogona kudzorerwa nekukurumidza.
Panyama, simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa (Mutemo weKuchengetedza Simba), asi rinogona kushanduka chimiro. Simba rinodzokororwa ibasa rekushandisa simba rinongoitika uye kurishandura kuita simba remagetsi kana rekupisa rinobatsira. Mukushandura uku, pfungwa yesimba inokosha. Simba rinotsanangurwa sechiyero chekuchinja kwesimba nekufamba kwenguva:
P = E/t
Panguva iyi, kushanda zvakanaka chiratidzo chekubudirira kwehurongwa mukushandura simba:
η = (Simba rinoburitsa rinobatsira / Simba rinopinza) × 100%
Mukuvandudza tekinoroji yesimba rinogona kushandiswazve, kushanda zvakanaka kwehurongwa, kugadzikana kwesimba, uye kuchengetwa kwesimba ndizvo zvinonyanya kutariswa.
Mhando dzeSimba Rinodzokororwa uye Nheyo Dzaro Dzemuviri
1. Simba rezuva
Simba rezuva rinoshandisa mwaranzi yemagetsi inobva kuZuva. Pane nzira mbiri huru: photovoltaic (PV) uye solar thermal.
a. Mapaneru Ezuva (Photovoltaics)
Masero ezuva anoshanda zvichibva pamhedzisiro ye photoelectric uye hunhu hwe semiconductors. Kana ma photon anobva kuzuva akarova chinhu che semiconductor (senge silicon), simba re photon rinogona kuburitsa ma electron uye kugadzira ma electron-hole pairs. Munda wemagetsi wemukati uri pa p-n junction unosunda chaji kuti ifambe, zvichigadzira magetsi. Simba re photon rinoenderana nehuwandu hwechiedza:
E = hf
Kushanda zvakanaka kwe solar panel kunokanganiswa nekupisa, simba rechiedza, kona yechiitiko, uye mhando yezvinhu. Ma solar panel emazuva ano anowanzo shanda zvakanaka kweanenge 15–23% pakushandiswa mumabhizimisi, kunyange zvazvo matekinoroji matsva anogona kuva akakwira pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
b. Kupisa kwezuva
Masisitimu ekupisa kwezuva anoshandisa kupisa kwezuva kupisa mvura (mvura kana mafuta ekupisa), iyo inoshandiswa zvakananga kana kugadzira utsi hunoshandura turbine. Nheyo dzethermodynamics uye kutamiswa kwekupisa (conduction, convection, uye radiation) ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha pano.
2. Simba reMhepo
Simba remhepo rinobva musimba remhepo rinoyerera nekuda kwekusiyana kwekumanikidzwa uye kupisa kwepasi nezuva. Maturbine emhepo anoshandura simba remhepo rinoita simba remakanika kutenderera, jenareta inoishandura kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza ne electromagnetic induction (Mutemo waFaraday).
Simba remhepo rinopfuura nepakati penzvimbo A rinogona kuverengerwa ne:
P = ½ ρ A v³
apo ρ iri huwandu hwemhepo uye v iri kumhanya kwemhepo. Fomura iyi inoratidza kuti simba rinonyanya kunzwisiswa nekumhanya kwemhepo (sekuenderana necube yekumhanya kwemhepo), zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yekuisa turbine ive chinhu chakakosha.
Zvisinei, simba remhepo harisi rese rinogona kuwanikwa. Pane muganho chaiwo unozivikanwa seBetz Limit, uyo unoti kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine yemhepo yakakodzera kunosvika 59,3%.
3. Simba reMvura (Hydroelectric)
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa magetsi (hydroelectric power plants) (PLTA) simba rinogona kuwanikwa simba rinokwevera mvura pakakwirira. Mvura painoyerera pasi, simba rinogona kushandiswa rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi, richishandura turbine, uye jenareta rinogadzira magetsi.
Simba rinogadzirwa rinogona kuverengwa uchishandisa:
P = ρ gh Q η
apo g iri kukurumidza kunokonzerwa negiravhiti, h iri musoro, Q iri kubuda kwemvura, uye η iri kushanda zvakanaka kwesystem. Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvine simba guru (kazhinji zvinopfuura 80–90%), zvichiita kuti zvive chimwe chezvishandiso zvesimba rinowanikwazve rinoshanda zvikuru. Zvisinei, mapurojekiti makuru emadhamu anogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzemurwizi uye hupenyu hwevanhu vemunharaunda dzakapoteredza.
4. Simba reGeothermal
Simba remagetsi rinobuda mukupisa kwepasi, rinogadzirwa nekuora kwemwaranzi uye kupisa kwakasara kubva pakuumbwa kwepasi. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa utsi hunopisa kana mvura inopisa kubva mumatangi epasi pevhu kuti zvitenderedze maturbine.
Panyaya yekupisa, masisitimu ekupisa kwepasi anoshanda semamwe mafekitori emagetsi anodziya: kupisa kunoshandura mvura kuita utsi, iyo inoshandura turbine, uye utsi hunozobatanidzwa zvakare. Matambudziko makuru ingura, huwandu hwezvicherwa, uye nzvimbo shoma dzakakodzera. Chakanakira ndechekuti simba rekupisa kwepasi rinogona kupa magetsi akagadzikana (baseload), zvisinei nemamiriro ekunze ezuva nezuva.
5. Biomass
Biomass inosanganisira zvinhu zvechisikigo zvakaita sehuni, marara ekurima, uye marara echisikigo anogona kupiswa kana kugadzirwa kuita biofuel. Simba rebiomass isimba remakemikari rinochengetwa kuburikidza ne photosynthesis. Kana rapiswa kana kuviriswa, simba remakemikari rinoburitswa sekupisa kana kushandurwa kuita mafuta.
Kubva pamaonero ezvakatipoteredza, biomass inowanzoonekwa seyakagadziriswazve, asi inofanira kutarisirwa nokungwarira kudzivirira kutemwa kwemiti kana kuburitswa kwemhepo yakawanda. Kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura masango uye kunaka kwekupisa zvinosarudzawo huwandu hwekusvibiswa.
Zvakanakira uye Zvisingakwanisike zveSimba Rinovandudzwa
Simba rinodzokororwa rine zvakanakira zvikuru, zvinosanganisira kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo ine kabhoni, zviwanikwa zvakawanda, uye mukana wekusimudzira kuzvimiririra kwesimba. Panyaya yefizikisi neinjiniya, tekinoroji yesimba rinodzokororwa iri kuramba ichikura, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva.
Zvisinei, pane zvipingamupinyi zvinoda kugadziriswa. Chekutanga, mamwe masosi anongoerekana aitika, akadai sezuva nemhepo, zvichida masisitimu ekuchengetera simba (mabhatiri, pomped hydro, hydrogen) kana smart grid. Chechipiri, simba rinogona kushandiswazve rinowanzova nesimba rakaderera pane mafuta efossil, richida nzvimbo dzakakura dzekuisa. Chechitatu, mamwe matekinoroji, akadai sehydropower negeothermal, anoenderana nenzvimbo.
Matambudziko uye Nzira dzeKubudirira
Kuvandudzwa kwesimba rinogona kudzokororwa harisi nyaya yetekinoroji chete, asiwo inyaya yehupfumi, mutemo, uye zvivakwa. Kubva pamaonero efizikisi inoshandiswa, matambudziko makuru anosanganisira kuvandudza mashandiro ezvinhu (semuenzaniso, masero ezuva matsva), kugadzirisa maturbine emhepo, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwekutumira simba, uye kugadzira nzira yekuchengetedza simba yakachengeteka uye inodhura zvishoma. Masisitimu emabhatiri eLithium-ion ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya parizvino, asi tsvakurudzo iri kuramba ichikura mumabhatiri esodium-ion, mabhatiri e solid-state, uye hydrogen-based storage.
Uyezve, kubatanidzwa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve kunoda kutevedzera uye kudzora masisitimu enzwi. Kuchinja-chinja kwesimba rezuva nemhepo kunofanirwa kuenzaniswa nekudiwa kwaro kuburikidza nekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze, manejimendi yemutoro, uye tekinoroji yemagetsi emagetsi emazuva ano.
Mhedziso
Simba rinodzokororwa imhinduro yakakosha yekuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvesimba rinogara kwenguva refu mune ramangwana. Kuburikidza nemisimboti yefizikisi—kubva pamhedzisiro yemagetsi uye mashandiro emvura kusvika kuthermodynamics—mhando dzakasiyana dzesimba rechisikigo dzinogona kushandurwa kuita magetsi anobatsira uye kupisa. Rudzi rwega rwega rwesimba rinodzokororwa rune zvarunobatsira uye zvisingakwanisike, asi kazhinji dzine simba diki pane mafuta efosili. Nekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, hunyanzvi mukuchengetedza simba, uye rutsigiro rwemitemo nezvivakwa, simba rinodzokororwa rine mukana wekuva musimboti wesimba repasi rose rakachena uye rakagadzikana.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera bhuku remabhuku, kugadzira matambudziko, zvinangwa, uye nzira yekunyora pepa kuitira kuti fomati yacho ienderane nezvinodiwa zvepepa rechikoro/koreji.
