Nheyo dzeOptics muUinjiniya hweMagetsi
Optics ibazi refizikisi rinoongorora chiedza, kuti chinopararira sei, chinoshanda sei nezvinhu, uye kuti chinogona kushandiswa sei pazvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Muchirevo che "electronics" (electrical and electronic engineering), optics haingonzwisiswi sepfungwa chaiyo chete, asiwo sehwaro hwakakosha hwematekinoroji mazhinji emazuva ano: kubva kumasensa, fiber-optic communication systems, michina yekufungidzira, kusvika kuzvikamu zve semiconductor zvakaita se LEDs uye photodiodes. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura misimboti yakakosha ye optics mumunda we electrical engineering, uku ichibatanidza nemashandisirwo anoshanda.
1. Chiedza seMafungu neZvidimbu
Imwe yenheyo dzakakosha mu optics ndeye duality yechiedza: chiedza chinogona kunzwisiswa semafungu emagetsi uye chidimbu (photon). Munzira yemafungu, chiedza chine wavelength, frequency, uye phase. Hukama hwakakosha ndehwekuti:
– Kumhanya kwechiedza: c = λf
apo c iri kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum (≈ 3×10⁸ m/s), λ kureba kwewavelength, uye f frequency.
Munzira yezvikamu, simba rechiedza rine chekuita zvakananga nehuwandu hwaro:
– Simba re photon: E = hf
nechinhu chaH Planck chisingachinji.
Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha kune nyika yezvemagetsi nekuti zvishandiso zvakaita semaphotodiode, masero ezuva, uye masensa eCMOS zvinoshanda pakubatana kwemaphoton nezvinhu zve semiconductor. Zviitiko zvakaita semhedzisiro ye photoelectric mienzaniso chaiyo yepfungwa yakaita separticle yechiedza chinoshandiswa mu tekinoroji.
2. Kufungisisa uye Mutemo waSnell
Kufungisisa chiitiko apo chiedza chinorova pamusoro uye chinodzokera panzvimbo yekutanga. Mukufungisisa, kune mitemo mikuru:
– Angle yechiitiko = angle yekufungisisa
Pfungwa iyi inoita seiri nyore, asi ndiyo inokosha pakugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zve optical zvakaita semagirazi mu monitoring systems, laser optics, uye reflective elements mune mamwe ma sensor. Muindasitiri yemagetsi , reflections inofanirawo kudzorwa nekuti reflections pamusoro pe lens, sensor protective glass, kana magumo e optical fibers zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwesignal uye kukanganiswa.
3. Kupatsanurwa kweMagadzirirwo Emagetsi uye Mafiber Emagetsi
Kugumburwa kunoitika kana chiedza chikafamba kubva pane imwe nzira kuenda kune imwe ine refractive index yakasiyana, ichichinja divi rayo rekupararira. Mutemo wekutanga we refraction unotaurwa neSnell's Law:
– n₁ chivi θ₁ = n₂ chivi θ₂
Chiratidzo che refractive index (n) chinotsanangura kuti chiedza chinofamba zvishoma nezvishoma sei muchinhu chichienzaniswa ne vacuum. Pfungwa iyi inokosha muinjiniya yemagetsi nekuti ndiyo hwaro hwe fibers dze optical. Fibers dze optical dzinoshandisa refraction uye total internal reflection kuti chiedza chifambe daro refu pasina kurasikirwa kukuru.
Semuenzaniso, mafiber e optical ane musimboti une refractive index yakakwira kupfuura cladding. Kana chiedza chikapinda nekona yakati, "chinovharirwa" mukati memusimboti nekuda kwekufungisisa kwemukati, zvichibvumira kutumira data kure kure.
4. Kufungisisa Kwemukati Kwese uye Angle Yakakomba
Kuratidzwa kwemukati kwese kunoitika kana chiedza chinobva pachinhu chine refractive index yakakwira chikapinda muchinhu chine index yakaderera pakona yechiitiko ichipfuura kona yakakosha. Kona yakakosha (θc) inogona kuverengerwa ne:
– sin θc = n₂ / n₁ (na n₁ > n₂)
Chiitiko ichi ndicho chiri pakati petekinoroji yekutaurirana nefiber-optic. Muhurongwa hwemazuva ano hwekutaurirana, data rinotumirwa semapundu echiedza akagadziriswa. Hunhu hwekutumira hunonyanya kukanganiswa nekusarudza wavelength, rudzi rwefiber, uye kudzora kurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nekuderera, kupararira, uye kufungisisa.
5. Kupararira kweChiedza uye Kukanganisa Kwacho paMagetsi
Kupararira kwechiedza chiitiko chinoitika apo chiedza chine mawavelength akasiyana chinofamba nekumhanya kwakasiyana mune imwe nzira, zvichiita kuti chiratidzo chiwedzere (pulse broadening). Mukutaura kwefiber-optic, kupararira kwedata kunogona kukonzera kuti data pulses dzibatane, zvichizowedzera zvikanganiso zvekuverenga data.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekupararira, semuenzaniso:
– Kupararira kwezvinhu: nekuti refractive index yezvinhu zvinoenderana nehurefu hwewavelength.
– Kupararira kweModal: kunyanya mu multimode fibers, nekuti chiedza chinopararira nenzira dzakasiyana (modes) dzine urefu hwakasiyana hwenzira.
Unyanzvi hwemagetsi hunobata dambudziko iri nekusarudza mhando dzefiber dzemhando imwe chete, uchishandisa dispersion compensation, uye kugadzira modulation uye detection systems dziri nani.
6. Polarization muOptical-Electronic Systems
Polarization inzira yekuzunguzika kwesimba remagetsi remafungu echiedza. Mukushandiswa kwemagetsi , polarization inowanzo kuve chinhu chakakosha mu optical communication systems, sensors, uye instrumentation. Semuenzaniso:
- Mu fiber ye optical, shanduko mu polarization inogona kukonzera polarization mode dispersion (PMD) izvo zvinokanganisa kunaka kwesignal.
- MumaLCD screens, polarization inoshandiswa kudzora simba rechiedza chinobuda mupaneru.
Kunzwisisa polarization kwakabatanawo nemidziyo yakaita semafirita epolarization uye ma optical modulators anoshandiswa kuvandudza mashandiro esystem.
7. Kupindira uye Kupatsanurwa: Nheyo dzeMasensa Ekugadzirisa
Kupindirana kunoitika kana mafungu maviri echiedza asangana, zvichikonzera kuwedzera simba (kuvaka) kana kuderedza simba (kuparadza) zvichienderana nemusiyano wechikamu. Kupindirana kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasensa ane kunyatsojeka, akadai sema interferometers ekuyera daro diki, ukobvu, kana kudedera.
Kupatsanurwa kwechiedza ndiko kukotama kwechiedza pachinopfuura nepaburi rakamanikana kana pamucheto wechinhu. Munyika yezvemagetsi, kupatsanurwa kwechiedza kunoita basa mu:
- Dhizaini yemagirati ekudhirowa pamagetsi ekuona (optical spectrometers) (yekuongorora chiedza).
- Miganhu yekugadziriswa kwemakamera edhijitari uye masisitimu emifananidzo yemaikorosikopu.
Masensa ekamera mumidziyo yemagetsi, senge mafoni kana masisitimu ekuona eindasitiri, anofanirwa kugadzirwa nepfungwa yemuganho wekupararira kwemifananidzo kuti mufananidzo urambe wakanaka.
8. Matsime emwenje: ma LED nema Laser muEngineering yemagetsi
Ma LED maviri anonyanya kushandiswa mumagetsi ndiwo ma LED nema laser. Ma LED anogadzira chiedza chine spectrum yakakura uye inopararira, uye anowanzo shandiswa sezviratidzo, kujekesa, uye sezvinhu zvinotumira chiedza mukutaurirana kwenguva pfupi. Ma laser anogadzira chiedza chakabatana, chinotungamira chine spectrum yakamanikana, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakutaurirana kwe fiber-optic, scanners, uye mashandisirwo ekuyera zvakarurama.
Kusarudzwa kwechiedza kunobva chiedza kwakakosha nekuti kunokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka, huwandu hwechiedza, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuenderana nechinhu chinoona chiedza.
9. Zvishandiso zveKuona Mwenje: Photodiodes, LDRs, uye Mifananidzo
Mumagetsi, chiedza chinowanzo shandurwa kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi. Kuchinja uku kunoitwa nemidziyo yekuona zvakaita se:
– Photodiode: mhinduro inokurumidza, inowanikwa mukutaurirana kwemaziso.
– LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): yakachipa, asi inononoka, inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo ari nyore.
– Masensa eCMOS/CCD: anoshandiswa mumakamera edhijitari uye masisitimu ekuona emakombiyuta.
Nheyo yekushanda inowanzo enderana nekugadzirwa kwema electron-hole pairs nekuda kwekutorwa kwema photon muzvinhu zve semiconductor. Nekuwedzera uye kugadzirisa kwakakodzera kwechiratidzo, sisitimu inogona kuona kusimba kwechiedza, ruvara, uye kunyange ruzivo rwenzvimbo (mifananidzo).
Mhedziso
Nheyo huru dze optics dzinoita basa guru munyika yemagetsi. Pfungwa dzekufungisisa, kupenya, kupenya kwemukati, kupararira, kupolarization, kupindira, uye kupenya kwechiedza hazvisi zvefizikisi chete, asiwo hwaro hwetekinoroji yatinoshandisa zuva nezuva. Kubva pakukurukurirana kwefiber-optic nekukurumidza kusvika kumasensa emakamera nemidziyo yelaser, kunzwisisa ma optics kunobatsira mainjiniya emagetsi kugadzira masisitimu anoshanda zvakanaka, akarurama, uye akavimbika. Nekufambira mberi kwe photonics ne optoelectronics, kubatanidzwa kwe optics ne electrical engineering kuchave kwakakosha mukuvandudza mune ramangwana.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kugadzira chinyorwa ichi kuita shanduro yehunyanzvi (ine mafomula akazara, mienzaniso yekuverenga, uye madhayagiramu epfungwa), kana kuchigadzirisa kuti chienderane nebasa rekukoreji nefomati yekutanga-yeongororo yedzidziso-yehurukuro-yemhedziso.
