Majenareta eInduction muMagetsi Emagetsi
Majenareta emagetsi anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi emazuva ano, kunyanya mumabasa anoda kushanda kwakavimbika, kugadzirisa kuri nyore, uye mari shoma yekudyara kana tichienzanisa nemamwe marudzi emagetsi. Kunyangwe izwi rekuti "jenareta" richiwanzo batanidzwa nemajenareta anoenderana, majenareta emagetsi anobatsira anoita basa rakakosha - kunyanya mumagetsi anogadzira simba rinogona kushandiswazve senge maturbine emhepo uye ma micro-hydro power plants. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura misimboti yekushanda kwemajenareta emagetsi anobatsira, hunhu hwawo, zvakanakira nezvazvakaipira, uye mashandisirwo awo mukugadzira magetsi.
Tsanangudzo uye Nheyo Dzekutanga
Kazhinji, muchina we induction unozivikanwa zvakanyanya se induction motor, iyo inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remakanika. Zvinofadza kuti muchina mumwe chete unogona kushanda se induction generator kana ukatenderedzwa ne prime mover nekumhanya kwakati. Induction generators dzinoshanda pahwaro hwe electromagnetic induction: magetsi anokonzerwa mu rotor ne stator nekuda kwekuvapo kwe rotating magnetic field uye musiyano wekumhanya pakati pe magnetic field ne rotor.
Chinhu chikuru chekunzwisisa majenareta einduction ipfungwa yekutsvedza, inova musiyano uripo pakati pekumhanya kwekutenderera kwesimba remagineti (synchronous speed) nekumhanya kwekutenderera kwerotor. Mumota yeinduction, rotor inotenderera zvishoma pane kumhanya kwekuenderana, saka kutsvedza kwakanaka. Kusiyana neizvi, mujenareta yeinduction, rotor inotenderera nekukurumidza zvishoma pane kumhanya kwekuenderana, saka kutsvedza hakuna kunaka, uye simba remuchina rinobva ku prime mover rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi rinopihwa kumutoro kana network.
Mamiriro Ekugadzira Simba uye Kumhanya Kwemagetsi
Kumhanya kwemuchina kunoenderana nehuwandu hwemapango uye nhamba yemapango, zvichitaurwa zviri nyore:
– Ns = 120 f / P
apo Ns iri synchronous speed (rpm), f frequency (Hz), uye P inhamba yemapoles. Semuenzaniso, mune system ye50 Hz ine mapoles mana, synchronous speed i1500 rpm. Kuti muchina we induction ugadzire simba, rotor inofanira kutenderedzwa zvishoma pamusoro pe1500 rpm. Musiyano mudiki uyu wakakwana kuti simba ridzokere shure—kubva pamakina kuenda kumagetsi.
Zvisinei, kusiyana nemajenereta anoshanda pamwe chete, majenereta e induction haagadzire simba rawo remagineti. Anoda simba re reactive (magnetizing) kuti agadzire field flux. Simba iri re reactive rinowanzo kuwanikwa kubva ku power grid kana kubva ku capacitor bank kana richishanda rakazvimirira.
Zvinodiwa Nesimba Rinoshanda Uye Basa Revagadziri
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoitwa nejenareta ye induction ndechekuti inoda simba re reactive. Kana yakabatana ne grid, grid inoshanda se "excitation source" inopa magnetizing current. Izvi zvinoita kuti ma induction generators akwanise kushanda zvakanaka pamwe chete ne grid nekuti voltage uye frequency zvinosarudzwa ne grid, nepo induction generator ichipa simba rinoshanda zvichienderana nemamiriro emuchina we prime mover.
Pakushanda kwakazvimirira (kunze kwegrid), jenareta ye induction inoda capacitor yekumutsa kuti igadzire voltage. Capacitor iyi inopa reactive current, ichigadzira magnetic flux, iyo inozobvumira voltage kugadzirwa pa terminals. Sisitimu iyi inonzi self-excited induction generator (SEIG). Kunyange zvazvo ichikwezva kunzvimbo dziri kure, kushanda kwakazvimirira kunoda dhizaini yakanyatsonaka nekuti voltage uye frequency zvinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuremerwa uye kumhanya kwekutenderera.
Hunhu hwekushanda mukugadzira masisitimu
Majenareta e induction ane hunhu hwakasiyana mumagetsi ekugadzira magetsi:
1. Kuwanda kwezvinoitika kunoenderana negrid kana kumhanya
Musystem yakabatana negrid, frequency inotevera grid saka inogadzikana. Musystem yakazvimirira, frequency inokanganiswa nekumhanya kweturbine uye hunhu hwemutoro.
2. Kudzora magetsi hakuna kunaka semajenareta anowirirana.
Voltage inobuda yejenareta ye induction inowanzo kuderera kana mutoro uchiwedzera, kunyanya kana simba re reactive risina kukwana.
3. Kugona kuenderana kuri nyore
Nekuti haidi sisitimu yeDC excitation uye haidi "kutevera makona" sejenareta inochinjana, maitiro ekubatanidza kune grid anogona kuve nyore, kunyangwe ichiri kuda dziviriro yakakodzera uye maitiro ekutonga.
4. Maitiro panguva yekuvhiringidzika
Mukudzikira kwemagetsi, kugona kwemugadziri we induction kuchengetedza magetsi kunogumira nekuti kunoenderana zvakanyanya nesimba re reactive resystem.
Mabhenefiti eInduction Generators
Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei majenareta e induction achishandiswa zvakanyanya mune mamwe mafekitori emagetsi:
- Kuvaka kuri nyore uye kwakasimba
Hazvidi sisitimu yeDC excitation uye slip rings (mumhando ye cage rotor), saka njodzi yekukundikana yakaderera.
- Mari shoma yekugadzirisa
Nekuti zvinhu zvacho zvishoma, kugadzirisa nguva dzose kunowanzo kuve nyore uye kwakachipa.
- Inodzivirira kuchinjika kwemutoro wemakanika
Yakakodzera kushandiswa kwesimba rinochinja-chinja senge mhepo uye mvura inoyerera.
- Zviri nyore kushanda zvakafanana negrid
Voltage nefrequency zvinotevera grid, saka kutonga kwesystem kuri nyore pane majenareta madiki anochinjana anoda maAVR uye magadzirirwo akaomarara ekukurudzira.
- Kuchengetedzwa kuri nani kwemakanika pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu
Majenareta e induction haawanzo kusangana ne overvoltages dzemukati dzakakura semajenareta e synchronous mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kunyange hazvo dziviriro ichiri kudiwa.
Zvikanganiso zvehunyanzvi nematambudziko
Pasinei nezvakanakira zvayo, majenareta e induction anewo miganhu:
- Inoda simba rekuita reactive
Izvi zvinowanzova dambudziko guru. Kana sisitimu ikasapa muripo wakakwana we reactive (semuenzaniso, capacitor banks kana STATCOMs), simba rinogona kunge risina kunaka uye voltage isingagadzikane.
- Kudzora voltage uye frequency (yakazvimirira) hakuna kugadzikana zvakanyanya
Kune mashandisirwo akazvimirira, mamwe marongero akadai seanodzora dump load, anodzora kumhanya, uye ma capacitor akakodzera anodiwa.
- Kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kudzikira pamitoro yakati wandei
Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwemuchina uye chimiro chekushanda kwawo, kushanda zvakanaka hakusi nguva dzose kwakanaka munzvimbo dzese dzekushanda.
- Kushanda zvakanaka panguva yekukanganiswa kwegridi
Kana voltage ikadonha, zvinodiwa nemagnetizing current zvinogona kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti mamiriro acho awedzere kuipa uye zvichikonzera kutenderera kana zvisina kugadziriswa ne reactive compensation device.
Mashandisirwo mukugadzira magetsi
1. Chiteshi chemagetsi emhepo (PLTB)
Majenareta einduction anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyanya mumagadzirirwo ekutanga emhepo ine maturbine uye mamwe magadzirirwo emazuva ano. Rudzi rwakajairika ijenareta yeinduction ine doubly-fed (DFIG), iyo inobvumira kushanda kwakakura kwekukurumidza uye kudzora simba zviri nani kuburikidza nepower converter iri parotor.
2. Chiteshi cheMagetsi Chidiki (PLTMH)
Muma micro-hydro systems akabatana negrid, ma induction generators anozivikanwa nekuda kwekureruka kwawo uye kusimba kwawo. Munzvimbo dzisina grid, ma SEIG ane capacitor banks anowanzo sarudzwa nekuda kwemutengo wawo wakaderera.
3. Majenareta anogadzirwa nebiomass kana marara
Kana chinhu chikuru chiri muchina une kumhanya kwakasimba uye sisitimu yacho yakabatana negrid, jenareta ye induction inogona kuva sarudzo isingadhuri.
4. Kushandiswa kwesimba rasara (kudzoreredza simba rakarasika)
Mune mamwe maindasitiri, simba remagetsi rinosara kubva mukuita uku rinogona kushandiswa kutenderedza jenareta remagetsi rinopinza magetsi uye kupa simba kune network yemukati kana kugrid.
Zvinhu zveDziviriro uye Kubatana neSisitimu
Mukugadzira magetsi, majenareta emagetsi anoshandiswa mukugadzira magetsi anoda nzira yekudzivirira yakakwana, kusanganisira:
- Dziviriro yemhepo inopfuura mwero uye yemhepo pfupi
- Dziviriro pamusoro/pasi pesimba remagetsi
- Dziviriro yekakawanda
- Dziviriro yekurasikirwa ne network (kudzivirira kukwira kwechitsuwa), kunyanya kana yakabatana ne grid
- Kugadzirisa gadziriro dzekugadzirisa simba remagetsi kuti pave nekugadzikana kwesimba uye voltage
Kuti pave nekubatanidzwa kwakanaka, vanoronga masisitimu vanowanzo funga nezve kugona kwenetwork, zvinodiwa neVAR, mhando yesimba (harmonics kana uchishandisa converters), uye mwero wekubatanidza unoshanda.
Mhedziso
Majenareta emagetsi anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira magetsi, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve uye mumafekitori madiki kusvika pakati nepakati. Nekuvakwa kwawo kuri nyore, kuvimbika, uye nyore kushanda pamwe chete negrid, majenareta emagetsi anobatsira pahupfumi nehunyanzvi. Zvisinei, zvinodiwa zvesimba remagetsi uye matambudziko ekutonga magetsi/frequency—kunyanya muchimiro chega—zvinoda dhizaini yekungwarira yesystem, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwema capacitor banks akakodzera, ma controllers, uye dziviriro. Nekugadzirwa kwakakodzera, majenareta emagetsi anoshandiswa anogona kuva musimboti wekugadzira magetsi anoshanda zvakanaka, anogara kwenguva refu, uye anopindura masisitimu emagetsi emazuva ano.
