Simba Rinokosha muSisitimu yeMagetsi
Mumasisitimu emagetsi, izwi rekuti power factor rinowanzo buda kana tichikurukura nezvekushandisa simba zvakanaka, mhando yemagetsi, uye mitengo yemagetsi muzvivakwa zvemaindasitiri nemabhizimisi. Kunyange zvazvo zvinganzwika sezvehunyanzvi, pfungwa ye power factor inonyanya kukosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, sezvo zvishandiso zvese zvemagetsi—kubva kumota nemwenje kusvika kumidziyo yemagetsi—zvichikanganisa simba remagetsi mukuisa. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura tsananguro ye power factor, zvikonzero zvayo, migumisiro yakaipa ye low power factor, maitiro ekuiyera, uye maitiro ekuvandudza.
Kunzwisisa Simba
Power factor (PF) inhamba yesimba rinoshanda (P) kune simba rinoonekwa (S) mudunhu remagetsi rinochinjana (AC).
PF = P / S
– Simba rinoshanda (P) rinoratidzwa muma watts (W) kana kilowatts (kW), kureva simba rinoshandiswa kugadzira mabasa chaiwo akadai sekutenderedza mota, kudziyisa chinhu chinodziisa, kana kubatidza mwenje.
– Simba rinooneka (S) rinoratidzwa mu volt-amperes (VA) kana kilovolt-amperes (kVA), izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera voltage uye huwandu hwemagetsi ari kuyerera musystem.
– Pamusoro pezvo, kune simba rekuita (Q) rinoratidzwa mu var (VAr) kana kVAr, kureva simba rinochengetwa uye rinodzoserwa shure nekudzoka kubva kumunda wemagineti/munda wemagetsi mumutoro weinductive kana capacitive.
Hukama huripo pakati pevatatu ava hunotsanangurwa kuburikidza ne power triangle: P serutivi rwakatambanuka, Q serutivi rwakamira, uye S se hypotenuse.
Mumutoro unodzorwa zvakanaka (semuenzaniso hita yemagetsi), magetsi ari muchikamu chemagetsi zvekuti PF inosvika 1. Zvisinei, mumitoro yakawanda chaiyo, kunyanya iyo inductive, magetsi ari kumashure kwemagetsi zvekuti simba remagetsi rinodzikira.
Mhando dzeSimba: Kunonoka uye Kutungamira
Simba harisi chete pamusoro pehukuru hwaro (semuenzaniso 0,7 kana 0,95), asiwo hunhu hwaro:
1. Simba rinononoka
Inowanikwa muzvinhu zvinopa simba zvakaita semamota emagetsi, matransformer, mabara emwenje emagetsi, uye macoil. Kushanda kwemagetsi kuri kumashure kwevoltage. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chinowanzoita kuti pave nemagetsi mashoma mumabasa emaindasitiri.
2. Simba guru rinotungamira
Inowanikwa mu capacitive loads. Current leads voltage. Leading power factor inowanzoitika kana ma capacitor akawandisa akaiswa kana paine michina yakawanda ye reactive compensation.
Mukushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi, zvinhu zvine simba rekusanonoka zvakanyanya zvinowanzoonekwa uye kazhinji ndizvo zvinonyanya kunatsiridzwa kuburikidza nekuisa capacitor.
Sei Simba Richigona Kuderera?
Simba shoma rinowanzo kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kwezvinodiwa zvesimba rinoita basa. Zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvakajairika zvinosanganisira:
- Zvinhu zvinotakura zvinhu zvinosimudzira simba: mota, macompressor, mapombi, mafeni, nemichina yekugadzira.
– Mota inoshanda zvishoma (isina mutoro wakawanda): mota ine simba guru asi inoshandiswa pakutakura zvinhu zvidiki ichiri kutora simba rakawanda rekuita, zvekuti PF inodonha.
– Kushandisa mabara emagetsi akajairika: mumarambi e fluorescent kana marambi anoburitsa gasi.
- Masisitimu ekugovera ane matransformer asina kunaka: matransformer anoshanda pasi pesimba anogona kukonzera kusashanda zvakanaka kwesimba.
– Harmonics kubva muzvinhu zvisiri zvemutsetse: Zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvine ma rectifiers (semuenzaniso, UPS, inverters, makombiyuta, VFDs) zvinogona kuderedza simba rose nekukonzera kukanganiswa kwemagetsi. Izvi zvinowanzotaurwa se true power factor vs. displacement power factor.
Nemamwe mashoko, simba shoma haringoitwi chete nekuda kwe "phase difference", asi rinogonawo kukanganiswa nehunhu hwemafungu emagetsi aripo.
Mhedzisiro yeChinhu Chishoma Pamagetsi paSisitimu Yemagetsi
Simba rakaderera rine mhedzisiro yehunyanzvi uye yehupfumi. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti simba guru rinodiwa kuti pave nesimba rinoshanda rakafanana. Simba guru rinodiwa, kurasikirwa uye kuderera kwemagetsi kunowedzera.
Zvimwe zvezvakakosha zvinokanganisa:
1. Kurasikirwa kwemagetsi kunowedzera
Kurasikirwa kwemhangura mutambo nematransformer kunoenderana neI²R. Kana magetsi akawedzera nekuda kwePF yakaderera, kurasikirwa kwekupisa kunowedzera zvakanyanya, zvinoreva kuti simba rinorasika uye tembiricha yemidziyo inogona kuwedzera.
2. Kudonha kukuru kwemagetsi
Kukwira kwemagetsi kunoita kuti voltage iderere, zvekuti voltage iri pamutoro inogona kuderera uye kukanganisa mashandiro emidziyo, kunyanya mota.
3. Kugona kwemidziyo yesystem kwaderera
Matransformer, majenareta, uye tambo dzine miganhu yemagetsi. Kana magetsi akakwira nekuda kwePF yakaderera, kugona kwesystem kupa simba rinoshanda kunodzikira. Izvi zvinoguma nekuvandudzwa kwemidziyo, kunyangwe kana kudiwa kwekW chaiko kusina kukosha.
4. Zvirango zvinogona kubhadharwa pamutengo wemagetsi
Kune vamwe vatengi vemaindasitiri/vemabhizinesi, makambani emagetsi anoisa zvirango kana mitengo yakakosha kana simba remagetsi rikawira pasi pemuganho (semuenzaniso, 0,85 kana 0,9). Izvi zvinodaro nekuti makambani emagetsi anofanira kuendesa mafungu akakwira uye kupa simba rekugadzira/kugovera simba remagetsi rinoita basa.
5. Hunhu hwesimba hunoderera
Simba guru rekuita reactive uye harmonics zvinogona kukonzera resonance, kukanganisa dziviriro, uye kuwedzera kunaka kwevoltage yese.
Kuyerwa kweSimba
Simba rinogona kuyerwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
– Power meter/Power analyzer: chishandiso chinowanzo shandiswa pakuyera kW, kVAr, kVA, uye PF. Power analyzer dzemazuva ano dzinogonawo kuratidza harmonics uye true power factor.
– Mamita emagetsi emuindasitiri (mamita evatengi): mamwe mamita anoratidza simba remagetsi rinoenderana neavhareji.
– Kuverenga kubva padata remutoro: kana P (kW) naS (kVA) zvichizivikanwa, saka PF inogona kuverengerwa zvakananga nePF = P/S. Kana P naQ zvichizivikanwa, saka S = √(P² + Q²).
Mukuongorora simba remaindasitiri, kuyerwa kwesimba kunowanzoitwa papaneru huru kuti vaone mamiriro ese ekuisa, vozoenderera mberi pazvishandiso zvekudyisa kuti vaone manyuko esimba guru rekuita kana kuti maharmoniki.
Maitiro Ekuvandudza Simba reMagetsi
Kuvandudza simba remagetsi kunovavarira kuderedza huwandu hwesimba rinotorwa kubva pagrid. Nzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa ndeidzi:
1. Kuiswa kwebhangi re capacitor
Ma capacitor anogadzira simba re capacitive reactive rinoenzanisa simba re inductive reactive. Ma capacitor banks anogona kuiswa:
- Mumwe nemumwe (pedyo nemutoro, semuenzaniso mota hombe)
– Boka (reboka remitoro)
– Pakati (pane huru panel, kazhinji uchishandisa otomatiki/danho system)
Sisitimu ye otomatiki (automatic power factor correction/APFC) inobatidza kana kudzima step capacitor zvichienderana nekuchinja kwemutoro kuitira kuti PF irambe iri pachinangwa.
2. Kushandisa condenser inopindirana kana mota inopindirana
Mota dzinoshanda pamwe chete nekukurudzira kwakanangana dzinogona kugadzira kana kutora simba rekuita basa. Nzira iyi inonyanya kushandiswa mumasisitimu makuru/ekushandisa uye mamwe maindasitiri.
3. Kushandisa michina yemagetsi yemazuva ano (inoshanda)
Kune mitoro ine harmonics yakakwira, kuvandudzwa kwesimba dzimwe nguva kunoda:
– Sefa yekubatanidza isina kurongeka (sefa yakagadziriswa neLC)
- Sefa yemagetsi inoshanda (APF)
– STATCOM/SVC (dynamic reactive compensation padanho resystem)
Izvi zvakakosha nekuti kungoisa capacitor munzvimbo ine ruzha rwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kurira uye kukuvara.
4. Kugadzirisa mashandiro emidziyo
Mienzaniso inosanganisira kugadzirisa saizi yemota zvichienderana nemutoro, kudzima mota dzisingashande, kana kutsiva mota dzekare nemota dzinoshanda zvakanyanya dzine hunhu huri nani hwesimba.
Zvinhu Zvekufunga Nezvekugadzirisa Power Factor
Kunyange zvazvo kugadzirisa kwePF kuchibatsira, kunofanira kushandiswa nemazvo. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha:
– Usabhadharise zvakanyanya: chinhu chikuru chinogona kukonzera kukwira kwemagetsi kana matambudziko ekusagadzikana pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
– Teerera maharmonics: kuiswa neVFD/UPS kunowanzoda ma capacitor akachekwa (series reactors) kudzivirira resonance.
– Kuiswa uye dziviriro: ma capacitor banks anoda dziviriro ye overcurrent, ma capacitor contactors akakosha, uye mhepo inofefetera/kutonhodza zvakakwana.
- Chinangwa chePF chaicho: kazhinji, chinangwa che0,95 chakanaka. Kutsvaga PF inosvika 1,00 hakusi nguva dzose kunochengetedza mari.
Mhedziso
Simba chinhu chakakosha mumagetsi nekuti chine chekuita nekushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, kugona kwemidziyo, mhando yemagetsi, uye mari yekushandisa. Simba rakaderera—rinowanzo kukonzerwa nemidziyo inopinda mumagetsi uye maharmonics—rinokonzera kuwedzera kwemagetsi, kurasikirwa kwakanyanya, kudzikira kwemagetsi kwakawedzera, uye rinogona kukonzera zvirango zvemagetsi. Mhinduro inowanzo shandiswa ndeyekuisa ma capacitor banks (kazhinji ne automatic controls), asi masisitimu ane maharmonics anoda nzira yekuchenjerera kuburikidza nema filters kana active compensation. Nekuongorora kwakakodzera uye chirongwa chakakodzera chekugadzirisa, kuisa magetsi kunogona kushanda zvakanaka, kuvimbika, uye kushaya mari yakawanda.
Kana muchida, ndinogona zvakare kuwedzera muenzaniso wekuverenga kugadzirisa simba (semuenzaniso kubva kuPF 0,75 kusvika ku0,95) nematanho ekuona kVAr inodiwa ye capacitor.
