Zvivako zveSimbi muIndasitiri yeSimba
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa steam (PLTU) ndizvo zvinoumba simba remagetsi munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Indonesia. Tekinoroji iyi yagara ichishandiswa kwenguva yakareba nekuti inogona kugadzira magetsi akawanda nemagetsi akasimba. Pakati pekuchinja kwesimba kuenda kumagetsi akachena, maPLTU anoramba achiita basa rakakosha, sevanopa simba remagetsi uye sechikamu chehurongwa hwenyika hwekuvimbika kwemagetsi. Zvisinei, matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza uye zvinodiwa kuti indasitiri ishande zvakanaka zviri kukurudzira indasitiri iyi kuti igadzire, ivandudze tekinoroji, uye ivandudze hutongi hwekushanda.
Nheyo Inoshanda yeChiteshi Chemagetsi Chinopfuta Utsi: Kubva Pakupisa Kuenda Kumagetsi
Chigadziko chemagetsi chinoshandisa marasha (PLTU) chinoshanda nepfungwa yekushandura simba rekupisa kuita simba remakanika, uyezve kuita simba remagetsi. Kazhinji kacho kunobva kupisa ndiko kupiswa kwemafuta akadai semarasha, kunyange zvazvo mamwe maPLTU achigonawo kushandisa biomass pamwe chete kana mamwe mafuta. Maitiro ekutanga muPLTU anosanganisira zvikamu zvikuru zvakati wandei: bhoira, turbine yemhepo, jenareta, condenser, uye sisitimu yekutonhodza.
Kutanga, mafuta anopiswa mukamuri rinopisa rebhaira, zvichiburitsa kupisa. Kupisa uku kunoshandiswa kupisa mvura mumachubhu ebhaira, kuchiishandura kuita steam ine simba rekupisa kwakanyanya. Steam iyi inobva yaendeswa ku turbine ine simba rekupisa. Sezvo steam ichisunda mablades e turbine, simba rekupisa nekumanikidzwa rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi nenzira yekutenderera kwe turbine shaft. Turbine shaft yakabatana nejenareta, iyo inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita magetsi kuburikidza ne electromagnetic induction.
Mushure mekupfuura nepakati peturbine, steam ine simba shoma inodzoserwa mumvura iri mucondenser. Mvura iyi inozodzoserwa kubhoyira kuti idzokorore kutenderera uku. Kutevedzana uku kunozivikanwa seRankine cycle, kutenderera kwethermodynamic kunoumba hwaro hwemazuva ano hwekugadzira steam.
Basa rePLTU muNational Energy System
Muindasitiri yesimba, mafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa marasha (PLTUs) anowanzo shandiswa semajenareta anokwanisa kupa magetsi akawanda nguva dzose. Kugadzikana uku kwakakosha kune hurongwa hwemagetsi nekuti kudiwa kwemagetsi hakugone kuzadzikiswa chete nemafekitori emagetsi akasiyana-siyana akadai sesimba rezuva nemhepo, izvo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Mafekitori ePLTU ane hunhu hwekushanda hwakakodzera simba rebaseload, zvichiita kuti ave musimboti wenzvimbo dzine kudiwa kwemagetsi kwakawanda, senge nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri nenzvimbo dzekugara.
Panyaya yezvivakwa, mafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa marasha anowanzo batanidzwa nema network makuru ekutumira magetsi. Kukura kwawo kunobvumira mitengo yekugadzira magetsi inokwikwidzana pa kWh, kunyanya kana mafuta aripo akawanda pamitengo yakagadzikana. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, izvi zvakaita kuti mafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa marasha ave sarudzo huru yekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dziri kusimukira.
Mhando dzeMapuranga eSitima uye Mazinga Ekushanda Zvakanaka
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana netekinoroji yeboiler uye mamiriro eutsi. Kazhinji, kune zvinhu zvisingakoshi zvakanyanya, zvinokosheswa zvakanyanya, uye zvinokosheswa zvakanyanya. Musiyano mukuru uri mukumanikidzwa nekupisa kweutsi hunoshandiswa. Kana kumanikidzwa nekupisa kweutsi kwakakwira, kushanda zvakanaka kweutsi hwechigadzirwa kunowedzera, nokudaro zvichideredza kushandiswa kwemafuta payuniti yemagetsi uye utsi hwemhepo pa kWh.
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha zvisina basa zvinoshanda pasi pemvura inotonhorera. Tekinoroji iyi yekare uye kazhinji haina kushanda zvakanaka. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha zvakanyanya uye zvine simba guru zvinoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akakwirira, zvichikonzera kushanda zvakanaka asi zvichida zvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro uye dhizaini yemidziyo. Mafambiro epasi rose ari kukurudzira kushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzinoshanda zvakanyanya kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuwedzera kukwikwidzana.
Kukanganiswa Kwezvakatipoteredza Nematambudziko Ekutonga
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvine chekuita nemafekitori emagetsi anoshandiswa nemalahle imhepo inoburitsa magasi anokonzera kudziya kwepasi, kunyanya kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂), ayo anokonzerwa nekupiswa kwemafuta efossil. Uyezve, mafekitori emagetsi anoshandiswa nemalahle anogona kugadzira zvimwe zvinosvibisa zvakaita se sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), tunhu tudiki (guruva diki), uye marara emarara nepasi pevhu. Kana zvikasatarisirwa zvakanaka, zvinosvibisa izvi zvinogona kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu uye kunaka kwezvakatipoteredza.
Saka, indasitiri yemagetsi inopfuta marasha inotarisana nemitemo yakaoma yezvakatipoteredza. Makambani mazhinji emagetsi ari kuisa matekinoroji ekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo akadai semagetsi anobvisa marasha (ESPs) kana mabhegi ekusefa kuti atore matinji, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) kuderedza SO₂, uye low-NOx burners kana selective catalytic reduction (SCR) kudzvinyirira NOx. Kutarisira marara akaomarara, akadai semadota anobhururuka, inyayawo, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwayo semusanganiswa wesimende kana zvinhu zvekuvaka.
Pamusoro pekuburitsa utsi, mafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa marasha anoda mvura yakawanda kuti atonhore, kunyanya magadzirirwo anotonhodzwa nemvura. Kubvisa mvura uye kuburitsa mvura inopisa munzvimbo dzakatikomberedza kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzemumvura. Saka, kusarudzwa kwetekinoroji yekutonhodza uye manejimendi emvura zvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzira nekushanda kwemafekitori emagetsi emazuva ano anoshandisa marasha.
Kushanda Nesimba Uye Kuvimbika Kwemafekitori Emagetsi
Muindasitiri yesimba, kushanda zvakanaka kwechiteshi chemagetsi chinoshandisa marasha hakungoonekwi chete nekugadzirwa kwacho asiwo nehunhu hwekushanda kwacho nekugadzirisa. Zvinhu zvakaita sehuwandu hwesimba rekupisa (huwandu hwesimba rekupisa hunodiwa kuti pave nemagetsi imwe chete kWh) zviratidzo zvakakosha. Kana chiyero chekupisa chakaderera, chiteshi chinoshanda zvakanaka.
Kuvimbika kwakakoshawo nekuti kukanganiswa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya sisitimu yemagetsi. Nokudaro, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa dzinoitwa, dzinosanganisira kuchengetedza kudzivirira, kugadzirisa zvinofanotaurwa ne sensor, uye kuongororwa nguva dzose kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita se boiler tubes, turbines, uye control systems. Kushandiswa kwedhijitari uye kushandiswa kwe real-time monitoring systems kuri kuwedzera kuwanda kuti zvionekwe kukuvara kunogona kuitika nekukurumidza uye kuderedza nguva yekushanda.
Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva: Kubatana, CCS, uye Kubatanidzwa neSimba reKuchinja
Kuti zvienderane nehurongwa hwekuchinja kwesimba, mafekitori emagetsi akawanda anoshandiswa nemarasha (PLTUs) akatanga kushandisa biomass co-fire, iyo inosanganisira kusanganisa biomass fuel (semuenzaniso, matanda kana marara ekurima) nemarasha. Chinangwa ndechekuderedza CO₂ recession uye kushandisa simba rinogona kushandiswazve rinowanikwa munharaunda. Kunyange zvazvo risingabvisi zvachose utsi hwesimba, co-fire inoonekwa senzira inokwanisika yekuchinja pasina kutsiva zvivakwa zvese zvinogadzira.
Uyezve, tekinoroji yeCarbon Capture and Storage (CCS) inowanzo kurukurwa senzira yekuderedza kuburitswa kweCO₂. Iyi tekinoroji inotora CO₂ kubva mumagasi eutsi yozoichengeta mune mamwe maumbirwo enzvimbo. Zvisinei, CCS ichiri kusangana nematambudziko akadai semutengo, zvinodiwa zvesimba rekuwedzera (zvirango zvesimba), uye kugadzirira kwezvivakwa zvekuchengetera zvinhu nemitemo.
Mune ramangwana, mafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa marasha ane mukana wekushanda semajenareta anochinjika kuti atsigire kubatanidzwa kwesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa. Kuchinjika uku kunosanganisira kugona kukwidza nekudzika mutoro nekukurumidza (ramp) uye kushanda nemidziyo yakaderera. Kunyange zvazvo mafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa marasha echinyakare asingachinjiki semafekitori emagetsi anoshandisa gasi, masisitimu ekudzora akavandudzwa uye shanduko dzekushanda zvinogona kubatsira kugadzirisa mafekitori kune sisitimu iri kuwedzera kudzorwa nesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa.
Mhedziso
Zvivakwa zveMasimba eMhepo zvinoramba zviri chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yesimba nekuda kwekugona kwazvo kugadzira magetsi nenzira yakavimbika pamwero mukuru. Nheyo yavo yekushanda yakavakirwa pakushandurwa kwesimba rekupisa kuita magetsi kuburikidza nemhepo yakatenderera yakasimbiswa. Zvisinei, zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha zvinosangana nematambudziko makuru ane chekuita nekubuda kwemhepo, kushandiswa kwemvura, uye kudiwa kwekushanda zvakanaka. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano, kudzora kwakasimba kwekubuda kwemhepo, uye hunyanzvi hwakadai sekupfura pamwe chete uye mukana weCCS, zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha zvinogona kuchinjika kuchinjiko chesimba. Kuenderera mberi, basa rezvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha rinogona kuchinja kubva pakuva sosi yekutakura zvinhu kuenda pakuva chikamu chesisitimu yakasiyana-siyana, yakachena, uye inochinjika yekutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwesimba uku ichichengetedza nharaunda.
