Maturbine emvura muMapurazi emagetsi emvura
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura (PLTA) ndiro rimwe remagetsi ekare anoshandiswa nevanhu. Munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Indonesia, mafekitori emagetsi anogadzirwa nemvura anoita basa guru mukupa magetsi akasimba uye asingakuvadzi nharaunda. Seri kwesimba remagetsi rinoita seriri nyore—mvura inoyerera uye magetsi achigadzirwa—pane chinhu chikuru chinosarudza kubudirira kwekushandurwa kwesimba: turbine yemvura. Turbine yemvura ndiyo "moyo" wefekitori yemagetsi inogadzirwa nemvura, sezvo iri mudziyo uyu unoshandura simba remagetsi rinoita kuti mvura ishande nesimba rinotenderera, iro rinozoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi nejenareta.
Nheyo dzeKushanda dzeMagetsi eMadziva eMagetsi
Kazhinji, zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa simba remagetsi zvinoshandisa musiyano wekuyerera kwemvura nemusoro. Mvura inochengetwa mumatangi kana inoyerera nemunzizi inotungamirwa kuburikidza nematanda emvura kuti iwedzere kumanikidzwa uye kudzora mwero wekuyerera kwemvura. Kana mvura iyi ine kumanikidzwa yarova mapuranga emagetsi, turbine inotenderera. Kutenderera kwe turbine shaft kunobva kwafambisa jenareta, ichigadzira magetsi.
Simba rinobatanidzwa mukuita uku rinogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nepfungwa iri nyore: kana musoro mukuru (kukwirira uko mvura inodonha) uye kana mvura ichibuda (huwandu hwemvura pasekondi imwe chete), simba rinogona kugadzirwa rinokura. Zvisinei, kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine, dhizaini yenzira dzemvura, uye mamiriro ekushanda zvinosarudza zvakanyanya kuti simba remvura rinogona kushandurwa kuita magetsi.
Basa Rinokosha reMaturbine eMvura
Maturbine emvura haangoshandi sevanoshandura simba chete asiwo sevatongi vekuti mvura inoshandurwa sei kuita torque nekutenderera. Kusarudza rudzi rweturbine rwakakodzera kuchasarudza kushanda zvakanaka, hupenyu hwemidziyo, uye kunyange mari yekugadzirisa. Turbine yakasarudzwa inofanira kukodzera hunhu hwenzvimbo yacho, kunyanya musoro uye mwero wekuyerera.
Mumunda, hapana mhando imwe chete yeturbine yakakodzera mamiriro ese ezvinhu. Saka, vagadziri vemagetsi emvura vanoongorora data remvura, topography, uye zvinodiwa nesimba vasati vasarudza turbine ichaiswa.
Mhando dzeMaturbine emvura anowanzoshandiswa
Maturbine emvura ari mumafekitori emagetsi emvura anowanzo kamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru zvichienderana nemashandisiro aanoita simba remvura: maturbine emhepo uye maturbine ekuita.
1. Turbine yeImpulse (Impulse Turbine)
Maturbine emhepo anoshanda nekushandisa simba remvura rinofamba-famba muchimiro chejeti rinomhanya zvakanyanya. Mvura ine pressure inoburitswa nepaburi rorova ma turbine blades, zvichiita kuti turbine itenderere. Kumanikidzwa kwemvura kwakatenderedza runner (chikamu chinotenderera cheturbine) kunowanzova pedyo nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, saka kuchinja kwekumanikidzwa kunoitika kunyanya mu nozzle, kwete runner.
Mhando dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzematurbine ekufema ndedzinotevera:
- Pelton Turbine
Maturbine ePelton akakodzera misoro mirefu uye mwero wekuyerera kwemvura mudiki kusvika pakati nepakati. Maturbine aya ane maburi maviri akaita semabhaketi akagadzirirwa kupwanya jet yemvura uye kudzosera divi rekuyerera kwemvura, zvichiita kuti isvike pakukwira kwakanyanya. Maturbine ePelton anoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine makomo ane musiyano mukuru wekukwira kwemvura.
Zvakanakira maturbine e-impulse ndekuti magadzirirwo awo ari nyore, kushanda zvakanaka pakakwirira, uye nyore kugadzirisa pasi pemamwe mamiriro emvura. Zvisinei, kune nzvimbo dzine maturusi akaderera uye dzinoburitsa mvura yakawanda, maturbine e-impulse haawanzo kuve sarudzo inodhura.
2. Turbine yeReaction (Reaction Turbine)
Kusiyana nematurbine ekufema, maturbine ekuita basa anoshanda nekuda kwekuchinja kwekumanikidzwa kwemvura uye kumhanya kwayo painopfuura nemuchina unomhanyisa. Turbine inoshanda mukati meimba yeturbine (casing) uye inowanzo nyudzwa mumvura. Pano, simba remvura rinoshandurwa kuita simba remakanika kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wemasimba ekusundidzira uye ekuita anokonzerwa nekusiyana kwekumanikidzwa.
Ma turbine anoshandiswa zvakanyanya anosanganisira:
– Francis turbine
Maturbine eFrancis ndiwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumafekitori makuru emagetsi emvura. Akakodzera misoro yepakati nepakati uye kubuda kwemvura kwepakati. Mvura inopinda nepakati uye inobuda nepakati, ichipfuura nemumaburi akagadzirirwa kuwedzera kushanda kwenzvimbo yakatarwa. Maturbine eFrancis isarudzo yakakurumbira nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwakasimba, kushanda kwakanyanya, uye kukodzera mamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
- Kaplan Turbine (nePropeller)
Maturbine eKaplan akakodzera kudonhedza mvura pasi uye kudonhedza mvura yakawanda, semuenzaniso, panzizi huru kana madhamu ane madonhwe emvura ari pakati nepakati. Maturbine eKaplan ane maburi anogadziriswa, zvichivabvumira kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka pasinei nekuchinja kwekudonhedza mvura. Imwe nzira iri nyore ndeye propeller turbine, asi izvi hazviwanzo gadzirisirwa maburi, zvichikonzera kusachinjika kushoma.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveTurbine yeMvura
Kunyange zvazvo mhando dzematurbine dzichisiyana, kune zvinhu zvakakosha zvinowanikwa nguva dzose mu hydroelectric turbine system:
1. Runner (turbine wheel): chikamu chinotenderera chinogamuchira simba kubva mumvura.
2. Mapazi/mabhaketi: zvinhu zvinobatana zvakananga nekuyerera kwemvura.
3. Mugodhi: unotumira kutenderera kweturbine kujenareta.
4. Magedhi emagetsi anofambisa mafambiro emvura/magedhi emagetsi: anotonga mafambiro emvura uye huwandu hwemvura inoenda kumuchina unomhanyisa, zvakakosha pakutonga simba uye kugadzikana.
5. Kesi: imba ye turbine inotungamira kuyerera uye inochengetedza kumanikidzwa (kunyanya kune ma turbine e reaction).
6. Draft chubhu: pombi inoburitsa mvura iri parutivi rwemuchina unobuda (kazhinji pamagetsi anopindura) inobatsira kudzoreredza kumanikidzwa uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka.
Kubatana pakati pezvikamu izvi kunosarudza mashandiro eturbine, zvese zviri zviviri kana mutoro uri pamusoro uye mutoro usina kukwana.
Zvinhu Zvinosarudza Kusarudzwa kweTurbine
Mukugadzira chigayo chemagetsi chemvura, kusarudzwa kweturbine kunoisa pfungwa pazvinhu zvikuru zvakati wandei:
– Musoro unoshanda: musiyano chaiwo wehurefu mushure mekubvisa kurasikirwa kwekukweshana mupombi.
– Kuburitswa kwemvura kunowanikwa: avhareji yekuburitswa kwemvura pagore uye kusiyana kwemwaka.
- Kumhanya kunoda kutenderera: kwakabatana nekuwirirana kwejenareta uye frequency yesystem yemagetsi.
– Mamiriro emvura: dongo, jecha, kana zvinhu zvinokwesha zvinogona kukurumidzisa kupera.
- Mari yekudyara nekuchengetedza: kusanganisira kuwanikwa kwezvikamu zvekuchengetedza uye nyore kugadzirisa.
Semuenzaniso, turbine yeKaplan inokwanisa kuchinjika pakuyerera kwemvura, asi mashandiro ayo akaomarara. Pelton iri nyore mune dzimwe nzira, asi inoda musoro wakareba kuti ishande zvakanaka.
Kushanda Nesimba uye Matambudziko
Kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine chinhu chakakosha nekuti chinokanganisa zvakananga huwandu hwemagetsi anogona kugadzirwa. Maturbine emazuva ano anogona kuwana kushanda zvakanaka, kunyangwe anopfuura 90% mumamiriro ekugadzira. Zvisinei, kushanda chaiko kunowanzo sangana nematambudziko akadai se:
– Kuchekwa kwemutsi: kuumbwa kwemabubble emhepo nekuda kwekuderera kwekumanikidzwa kwenzvimbo iyo inogona kukuvadza pamusoro pebanga.
– Kukweshwa kwetsvina: zvidimbu zvejecha nevhu zvinoparadza zvinofamba uye zvinotungamirira matombo, kunyanya munzizi dzine matope akawanda.
– Kuchinja kwemutoro: kuchinja kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi kunomanikidza turbine kushanda kunze kwenzvimbo inoshanda zvakanaka.
– Kudedera uye kusakara kwemabheyaringi: zvinogona kuderedza kuvimbika kana zvikasatariswa.
Saka, mafekitori emagetsi emazuva ano anowanzo kuve nehurongwa hwekutonga uye hwekutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu kuti aone kusagadzikana nekukurumidza.
Kubatsira kweHydro Turbines kuSimba Rinochengetedza Simba
Maturbine emvura anobatsira kupa magetsi utsi hushoma hunoshandiswa kupfuura mafekitori emagetsi anofambiswa nemafuta ekare. Uyezve, simba remvura rinogona kushanda sechinogadzirisa grid nekuti rinogona kukurumidza kupindura kana zvinhu zvachinja. Mune mamwe masisitimu, simba remvura rinosanganiswawo nemapurani ekuchengetera simba anopombwa kuti achengetedze simba, zvichiita kuti maturbine ave chinhu chakakosha mukutsigira kubatanidzwa kwesimba rezuva neremhepo.
Zvisinei, zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvemigumisiro yezvivakwa zvemadhamu munharaunda, zvakaita sekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza uye kutamiswa kwenharaunda. Saka, kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo, dhizaini yeturbine, uye manejimendi yekuyerera kwemvura zvinofanirwa kuitwa zvine hungwaru.
Penutup
Maturbine emvura ndiwo moyo wezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura, zvichishandura simba remvura kuita kutenderera kwemagetsi izvo zvinozogadzira magetsi. Rudzi rweturbine—Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, nedzimwe—runosarudzwa zvichienderana nekuyerera kwemvura, pamwe nekufunga nezvehunyanzvi nehupfumi. Nekugadzirwa kwakakodzera, maturbine emvura anogona kushanda zvakanaka uye zvakavimbika, achitsigira kuwanikwa kwemagetsi kwenguva refu. Pakati pekudiwa kwesimba rakachena pasi rose, maturbine emvura anoramba ari tekinoroji yakakosha inoramba ichichinja, zvese maererano nekushanda zvakanaka, kugara kwenguva refu kwezvinhu, uye kugona kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana.
