Sisitimu Yekufadza Jenareta Yemagetsi
Sisitimu yekukwesha magetsi yejenareta ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa kupa magetsi akananga (DC) kumawindings emunda pa rotor yejenareta inopindirana. Kukwesha uku kunogadzira simba remagineti rinodiwa kuti jenareta igadzire voltage mu stator. Pasina kukwesha kwakakwana, jenareta haizokwanisi kuvaka voltage ye terminal inodiwa nesystem yemagetsi. Nokudaro, sisitimu yekukwesha inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzikana kwevoltage, kutonga kwesimba re reactive, uye kushanda kwakachengeteka kwejenareta negrid.
Mabasa Makuru eSisitimu Yekukurudzira
Basa guru resystem yekumutsa magetsi nderekupa simba remagetsi rekugadzira magnetic flux murotor. Zvisinei, mukushanda kwesystem yemagetsi yemazuva ano, basa rayo rakakura zvikuru. Sisitimu yekumutsa magetsi inoshanda pamwe chete neAutomatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) kuchengetedza voltage yejenareta yakasimba pasinei nekuwanda kwemitoro. Kana mutoro ukawedzera, voltage inowanzo kuderera; AVR inopindura nekuwedzera simba remagetsi remagetsi kuti idzorere voltage panzvimbo yakatarwa.
Uyezve, sisitimu yekumutsa inoona kugona kwejenareta kupa kana kunyudza simba remagetsi rinoita basa. Nekuwedzera kumutsa (kunyanyisa kumutsa), jenareta inowanzo kupa simba remagetsi rinoita basa (VAR), nokudaro ichibatsira kukwidza voltage yesystem. Kusiyana neizvi, nekuderedza kumutsa (kuderera kumutsa), jenareta inogona kunyudza VAR nekudzikisa voltage. Kugona uku kwakakosha pakugadzirisa voltage profile mukutumira nekuparadzira network.
Sisitimu yekukurudzira inoitawo basa guru mukugadzikana kwenguva pfupi. Kana paine nyonganyonga yakaita se short circuit, kukurumidza kuwedzera kwekukurudzira (field forcing) kunogona kubatsira jenareta kuchengetedza synchronism. Nokudaro, mhinduro yekuchinja kwekukurudzira chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira jenareta.
Nheyo dzeKushanda Dzekutanga
Jenareta inochinja-chinja inogadzira AC voltage mu stator nekuda kwekuchinja kwe magnetic flux ye rotor inotenderera. Rotor inopihwa DC current kuburikidza ne excitation system. Output voltage yejenareta ine chekuita ne magnetic flux—iyo inozobva yaonekwa ne field current. AVR inoyera terminal voltage kuburikidza ne voltage transformer (PT/VT), inoienzanisa ne reference, uye yobva yagadzirisa exciter's amplifier kuti iwedzere kana kuderedza field current.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, AVR inochengetedza voltage mukati memiganhu inodiwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu anochinja-chinja, akadai sekuchinja kwemutoro kamwe kamwe kana kusagadzikana kwesystem, AVR neexciter zvinofanirwa kukwanisa kupindura nekukurumidza asi zvichiramba zvakagadzikana kudzivirira kutenderera kwevoltage.
Zvikamu Zvikuru
Kazhinji, sisitimu yekukurudzira ine:
1. Simba rekufambisa: rinogona kubva kujenareta diki (exciter), kubva kumaterminal ejenareta kuburikidza ne rectifier, kana kubva kunobva yakazvimiririra senge bhatiri/UPS yezvinodiwa zvekudzora.
2. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR): uropi hwemutongi hunodzora kufadza zvichibva pamagetsi uye/kana mhinduro yemagetsi.
3. Rectifier: inoshandura simba reAC kuita DC yerotor, kunyanya mumasisitimu asina mabhurashi kana kuti asingachinji.
4. Masisitimu ekugovera magetsi emumunda: muchimiro chemarings ekutsvedza nemabhurashi mune mamwe masisitimu, kana kutenderera pasina mabhurashi mune masisitimu asina mabhurashi.
5. Dziviriro nemiganhu: Over Excitation Limiter (OEL), Under Excitation Limiter (UEL), Volts/Hz limiter, pamwe nekurasikirwa nedziviriro ye excitation ne rotor thermal protection.
6. Midziyo yekutarisa: kuyerwa kwesimba remumunda, simba remumunda, tembiricha, uye mamiriro ekuchinja.
Kuvimbika kwesystem yekuburitsa mhepo kwakakosha pakuchengetedza generator. Kukundikana kwezvikamu zvakaita se rectifier kana AVR kunogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemagetsi, kurasikirwa nekuburitsa mhepo, uye kunyange kukuvara kwe rotor nekuda kwekupisa zvakanyanya.
Mhando dzeSistimu dzeKufadza
1. Sisitimu yeDC Excitation (Yakajairika/Inotenderera DC Exciter)
Sisitimu iyi inoshandisa jenareta diki reDC (exciter) rine shaft yakafanana nejenareta huru. DC inobuda mu exciter inoendeswa kurotor kuburikidza ne slip rings nemabhurashi. Zvakanakira zvayo zvinosanganisira dhizaini yayo iri nyore uye iri nyore kunzwisisa, asi inoda kugadziriswa nguva dzose pamabhurashi, slip rings, uye commutator. Sisitimu iyi ikozvino haichanyanyi kushandiswa mumafekitori emagetsi emazuva ano nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo uye zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa.
2. Sisitimu yeKusimudzira yeAC Isina Brushless
Musystem isina mabhurashi, AC exciter (jenareta diki reAC) inogadzira AC current muzvikamu zvinotenderera, iyo inozogadziriswa ne rotating rectifiers kuti ipe main generator rotor. Nekuti haishandisi mabhurashi nema slip rings pa main field current, inoda kugadziriswa kushoma uye yakavimbika zvikuru pakushanda kwenguva refu.
Zvakanakira zvemasystem asina mabhurashi zvinosanganisira kusachengetedza michina zvakanyanya uye kuvimbika kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, mhinduro yavo inochinja-chinja inowanzononoka kupfuura masystem asingachinji, uye kuongororwa kwezvikanganiso muma diode anotenderera kunogona kuoma nekuti chikamu chechikamu chinotenderera.
3. Sisitimu Yekusimudzira Isingachinji
Masisitimu asingachinji anoshandisa thyristor kana IGBT rectifiers dzinotora simba kubva kuma terminals ejenareta (kuburikidza ne excitation transformer) dzozopa DC ku rotor kuburikidza ne slip rings. Nekuti kutonga kunoitwa uchishandisa electronics dzinokurumidza kushanda, masisitimu aya ane mhinduro yakanaka kwazvo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kuma power plants makuru anoda simba rekusimbisa munda panguva yekukanganiswa.
Dambudziko nderekuti ichiri kuda ma "slip rings" nemabhurashi, uye inoda system yakanaka yekutonhodza nekudzivirira magetsi emagetsi. Zvisinei, maererano nekushanda kwe "voltage regulation performance" uye kugadzikana, "static excitation" inowanzo kuve sarudzo inofarirwa mumagetsi mazhinji emazuva ano.
AVR, Stabilizer, uye Advanced Control
MaAVR emazuva ano anowanzo shongedzerwa nePower System Stabilizer (PSS) kuti iwedzere damping kune low-frequency oscillations musimba remagetsi. PSS inopa chiratidzo chekuwedzera kuAVR zvichibva pakuchinja kwekumhanya kwerotor kana simba, nokudaro zvichibatsira kuderedza rotor angular swing mushure mekukanganisika. Musanganiswa wakagadzirwa zvakanaka weAVR inokurumidza nePSS unogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kugadzikana kwesimba remagetsi.
Kunze kwePSS, kune dzimwe nzira dzekudzora dzakadai sekutonga kwesimba kana kutonga simba rekuita (VAR control). Munzira idzi, AVR haingonangi chete voltage yemagetsi asiwo inodzora kufadza kuti irambe iine simba rejenareta, zvichizadzisa zvinodiwa nenetwork.
Kudzivirirwa Kwekushanda uye Kuganhurirwa
Kuti jenareta ishande zvakanaka, kukwidza kunogumira pakushandisa miganhu yakawanda. OEL inodzivirira mafungu emhepo akawandisa, izvo zvinogona kupisa rotor uye kuderedza hupenyu hwekudzivirira. UEL inodzivirira kukwidza kwakaderera, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kana kurasikirwa nekukwidza, uko jenareta inogona kuita semota inopinza uye inotora maVAR makuru kubva musystem. Muganho weVolts/Hz unodzivirira iron core kubva pakuzara nekuda kwevoltage yakakwira zvakanyanya pamafrequency akaderera, mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuitika panguva yekutanga kana panguva yekusagadzikana kwemafrequency.
Dziviriro yekurasikirwa nekukurudza inowanzo tarisa hunhu hwesimba remagetsi rinoita kuti ione mamiriro ekunze asina kusimba zvakanyanya. Kana ikaonekwa, sisitimu inogona kuridza alarm, kuderedza mutoro, kana kugumburwa kudzivirira kukuvara.
Matambudziko Ekugadzirisa Nekushanda
Kugadziriswa kwesystem yekumutsa kunoenderana nerudzi rwayo. Masisitimu akakweshwa anoda kuongororwa nguva nenguva kuti aone kana bhurashi rakapera, kuchena kweringi rinotsvedza, uye guruva recarbon. Mumasisitimu asina mabhurashi, kutariswa kunotarisa pamamiriro ema diode anotenderera, kubatana, uye sisitimu yekutonhodza. Mumasisitimu asingachinji, kugadziriswa kunotarisa pamamodule ethyristor/IGBT, macircuit ekudzora, uye mhando yemhepo inofefetera uye yekusefa mhepo.
Rimwe dambudziko nderekugadzirisa AVR nePSS. Kuiisa zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kuvhima kana kushanduka kwemagetsi, nepo kuiisa zvishoma nezvishoma kunogona kuita kuti jenareta isakwanise kumira zvinokanganisa. Saka, kuiisa uye kuyedza zvine simba (semuenzaniso, kuyedza kupindura kwematanho) zvakakosha pakushandisa sisitimu yekukurudzira.
Penutup
Sisitimu yekukwesha yejenareta yemagetsi chinhu chakakosha mukushanda kwejenareta inochinjana uye sisitimu yesimba rese. Nekupa simba remagetsi rinodzorwa, rinochengetedza voltage, rinotonga simba rekuita, rinovandudza kugadzikana, uye rinodzivirira jenareta kubva mumamiriro ekushanda ane njodzi. Mhando dzakasiyana dzekukurudzira—DC yakajairika, isina mabhurashi, uye isingachinji—dzinopa sarudzo dzekusangana nekuvimbika, mari yekugadzirisa, uye zvinodiwa zvekushanda zvine simba. Mumagetsi emagetsi ari kuramba achioma anoda simba remhando yepamusoro, sisitimu yekukwesha yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, inodzorwa nemazvo, uye yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka inokosha pakushanda kwakachengeteka, kwakanaka, uye kwakasimba kwejenareta.
